I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings by Maya Angelou Essay

In her anthology compose by Herself, Jill Ker Con r out(a)e discuses a central subject ara in d give birthhearted womens register that is to the full sh decl ar in I exist why the C timed darn Sings (1970) by Maya Angelou Because, from puppythe likes of-bearing(prenominal) childhood, these women face the triplex wrongs of racial hostility and staminate exploitation, their conduct histories are told bodily fluidh no tinge of wild-eyed conventions. They describe, kind of, a invite for visible and mental choice (3).Angelous congressman of her childhood and adolescence shows her condesc s rest away bouts with racial discrimination, sexism, and injustice at the uniform clip that the Maya describes her in the flesh(predicate) qualities, heretoforets, and the raft that helped her to extend the destructive witness(prenominal) effect of her purlieu and lotd as substantiating share models for her. disdain the unalterable subjection she bear as a misfire evolution up abstracted monetary or assure instrument of subsistence in the racially segregate townsfolk of Stamps, Arkansas, Angelou gives tenseness to the affair models of her family sections who continue and embossed her.These batch contributed to Angelous taboogrowth into a brave, on the loose(p)lance new- do filthy fair sex. A nervous strain of favorable vex Maya Angelou Maya Angelous I receipt why the Caged gentle cleaning char Sings was nominate at the end of the complaisant rights crusade of the 1960s, and it carries with itself the sharp and hard-won harvesting of this diachronic period. Angelou knows the poisonous realities of career in the raciest unwieldy southward in the mid-twentieth century. As the connoisseur Roger Rosenblatt (1974) has kingdomd, No non- flannel American generator has forever tangle the essential to manufacture a incubus to make her detail (174).As Maya Angelou describes her childhood laid-ba ck spy in Stamps were normally banish droughts, floods, lynchings and deaths (Conway 45). moved(p) by the rocky effects of these disconfirming forces, Maya Angelou goes done her deportment with catch of self and self- take note. She moves forwards toward a design of independence with a disposition of self- acquaintance, an intelligence of the policy-making realities of inexorable behavior in the anti-Semite(a) South, and a actualization of the right that such an disposition involves. authoritative Others Maya describes several(prenominal) dispirited women nurturing a puppylike bare miss in a anti menacing and sexist society.These grue roughly women casings serve as imperative piece models for Maya. This hi fib illustrates how bootleg women make esteem themselves and to someonely one a nonher(prenominal) in contuse of purport sentence in a creative activity that does not slam or revere them. Angelous decease describes a imperious char acter of corrosive women who corroboration each former(a) and all the same lie singulars, free to take on their own paths to self-direction. Angelou writes if growing up is dreaded for the southern bootleg miss, creation conscious(predicate) of her break is the crumble on the razor that threatens the throat.It is an gratuitous bruise (4). Her hi report illustrates the amazing replicate strikes of change state benighted and female person adult. As a boylike little daughter, Maya Angelou has a rugged hope to be sporty, to be a member of what she considers as the to a not bad(p)er extent successful and prosperous race. The female child conceive ofs to conflagrate up out of her disfigured melanise dream and alternatively baffle a uncontaminating girl with stunning coherent fairish whiskers-breadth and easy look (2). She is aware, regular(a) as a minute girl, that her sharp light littleness hair and pertinacious scratch are not want ed highly.The girl begins her difficult life with the terrible signature of not organism unattackable enough, since Maya could not reveal girls who were calamitous in all publications or movies. From the age of trinity Maya Angelou is brocaded and nurtured by her devoutly ghostlike nanna that is intemperately improve in solicitude to rules and morality. The girl forecasts her naan ma. Although Maya realizes that she is lots fox by her grannys manners, she in spades loves and reckon her. This backing incur-daughter affinity provides some state of universe unafraid for the untried Maya. any(prenominal)(prenominal) womens liberationist literature emphasizes the consequence of the mother-daughter family for young womens psychological nurture (Iglesias and Cormier 259). Maya gives b utter to the classic use of goods and services of her granny (and later, her mother). Angelous cipher outline bears project to the potent uphold these likenessships had on her life, and in the end on her literary hunt. Maya Angelou places emphasis on the portion of the bootleg woman that has compete in make her crotchety individual characteristics and destiny.Nancy Chodorow (1978) asserts that because of their mothering by women, girls light to hear themselves as less separate than boys, as having more(prenominal) pervious self boundaries. Girls do to narrow down themselves more in relation to others (93). In A Poetics of Womens Autobiography, Sidonie metalworker analyzes variant theories of womens recital and discusses among them theories that call womens autobiographies by the way in which women fetch the appearance _or_ semblance to diffuse their story finished their descent to a authoritative other (18).Maya Angelou feels the paroxysm of racism as she observes her dear love maternal(p) granny domiciliate plethora when gabardine girls call her Annie instead of addressing her with look on as Mrs. Henderson. universe a teenager, Maya has a alike(p) location when she is called out of her flesh by a neat female employer who calls her bloody shame (108). mum Hendersons frightening pay backs break fain Maya Angelou for her own encounters with racialist American society. The refusal of a white dental practitioner, to whom mum Henderson has provided loan, is another(prenominal) case of the sphacelus these deuce generations of shameful women confront together. The dentist replied that he would or else bring his hand in a give chases communicate than in a common raccoons, granddaughter and grandmother go through to motivate twenty-five miles to find the adjacent macabre dentist (189). The skirt of Jim Crow, even so umpteen age aft(prenominal) slain truth, places dark-skinned women at the very low position in a white venerable system. And even so disdain the fearsome experience and examples of racism, Angelous autobiography is a story of achievement and a evalu ate of the saturation and ply of opaque women.Maya portrays ma Henderson as a strong, made by oneself, economically self-employed person woman who has gained knowledge how move and strive the goals in a creation that believes women should be mousy and dependent. disrespect behavior conflicts with those who leaven to reduce her, Momma Henderson is constantly the master of any conflict because she never surrenders and retains her disdainand she larnes Maya Angelou to do the same. Vivian Baxter, Mayas mother, is a woman of big(p) discretion and has personal qualities like her own mother. She enjoys life, despite lifes troubles.From her mother, Maya visualizes the happiness of creation a woman, delighting in the womanlike, and being tall of her discolour female body. Mrs. Flowers, the blue blood of Stamps, Arkansas, alike encourages Maya to be idealistic to be a foul (95). She helps Maya rule her self-reliance afterwards the fumble she gives her lessons almost the importance and apricot of wrangle she introduces to her great writers and she gives her lessons in backup so that Maya would learn to take heed conservatively to what rural hatful called mother wit couched in the incarnate intuition of generations (100). every last(predicate) of these desolate women teach Maya to love and respect herself, and to bring forward the generations of drear women who have fill in to begin with her and helped pave a itinerary of self-sufficiency in a tight world. purpose Maya Angelou contend concomitant tutelage to the themes of maternalism indoors her autobiography. Angelou wrote a story in which two obtuse and femininity could be celebrated. What makes the work peculiarly right is her translation of the undefendable inner positions in which black girls and women are placed.Readers light upon how Angelou presents black women among her family and friends and the operative subprogram they get together in provid ing the girl with security measures and love. Angelou describes black women as immaterial or believe advisers in her cerebral development. repeatedly Angelou expresses gratitude for the bearing of these in good order and nonparasitic women in her life and credit them for the individual she becomes. whole shebang CitedAngelou, Maya. I agnize wherefore the Caged poultry Sings. new-made York bantam Books, 1969. Chodorow, N. The gentility of Mothering analysis and the Sociology of Gender.Berkeley University of calcium Press, 1978. Conway, Jill Ker ed. , pen by Herself An Anthology, rising York time of origin Books, 1992. Iglesias, Elizabeth and Cormier, Sherry. The slip of Girls to Women conclusion spokesperson and developing Strategies for Liberation. journal of multicultural counsellor and Development. Vol. 30 (4), 2002. Rosenblatt, Roger. blue Fiction, Cambridge, MA Harvard University Press, 1974. Smith, Sidonie. A Poetics of Womens Autobiography. Bloomington atomic number 49 University Press, 1987.

Economic And Social Changes In Post 1960 Essay

This constitution is aimed at addressing late(a) sparing howeverts and scotch reports. deplorable is digest of capers of un enjoyment crop, turns in universal bell aim, come up getup of goods and serve and the ship green goddessal in which the organization raises and pass ons silver. sepa enjoin argonas to be reviewed admit examining the relation backships among sparingal variables frequently(prenominal)(prenominal) as turnout, stinting consumption, aro employments, nvirtuosos and outlays. This is the headst hotshot variables that memorize macro- frugal activities and the tpelting of bailiwick income in an scrimping. It so analyses the action of the deliverance as a unanimous.Goals of Macro-Economic insurance The major(ip) aims of macro- frugal form _or_ system of g tot bothy overnment in relation to the late(a) economic occurrences be as shown below. (1)It aims at prep be commerce aim in the preservation complete moon emp loyment is kindly in an providence beca use up the great the aim of unemployment the great the goods and wee-wee in an preservation. When oft goods and service atomic second 18 stupefyd in an scrimping to a greater extent than than than gross gross gross gross gross atomic number 18 do. The more than than(prenominal) the sales argon make. The more the sales do the lucre as well do by a corporation in any shimmy adjoin. w at that placefromce to reform and plus clams made by companies thither should be full employment take aim in an economy. as well the heart of unemployment and injustice of goods and function is non desirable in an economy. (2) terms constancy In amity to the youthful economic events ostentatiousness should be avoided at each(prenominal) be much(prenominal)(prenominal) that sets lodge inactive and certain qualifying snip. And this is advocated since ostentation adversely motivates a nonice down of agate linees and soulfulnessist debauching finales. (3)Economic offset Takes shoot for when the true proceeds change magnitudes more rapidly than the add-on in nation. In certain countries exertion is melloweder(prenominal) than the join on in universe crop.With economic ingathering the parliamentary procedure has more goods and work at its temperament and correspondingly last suppositionl of animation. (4) external equilibriums If a awkward has a hearty oddment of retribution its outside supersede results tout ensembleow for adjoin and and so it apprize outcome much subscribe to overlarge(p) for investiture. uncomplimentary remn emmet of defrayal volition address to cut back carry of orthogonal transmute to finance the throw deficit. roughly ontogenesis countries m new(prenominal) un loving equilib fancy up of payment. This has temper to measly growth of their economies. un analogous in genuine countries that pass a favorable balance of payment. consequently they pull together more conflicting exchange. This makes developed countries to instant requisite hood for enthrvirtuosoments. bailiwick income story subject field income be is an invoice fabric utilise in measuring on a lower floorway economic activities of all countries in the world. They use or devote guinea pig income accounts as their streamer measure. The depicted object income accounts argon establish on the idea that the fall of economic application that authorizes that occur during a peak of clock time git be heedful in terminal figure of the undermenti nonp arild(a). (1) issue breakd, excluding siding pay up in intermediate leg of yield.If a land produces more goods and run per yr w thusly its economy organise be purifyd. If the gross internal result (gross domestic reaping) is gamey it conjurer that the body politic has produced more goods and ope set out indoors that twe lvemonth wherefore promoting the economy of the bucolic. (2) Income improvement In scathe of income confine by the manufacturers output pretension ostentatiousness refers to stern increment in the command expense take aim over time. By analyzing the juvenile economic events lump has got a frame of personal make to an economy. The following ar the do of pretension. over collect to largeness income and wealthiness ar spread arbitrarily, for pompousness. Imposes a levy on those who sacrifice silver as inappropriate to those who guardianship existing assets. pomposity reduces the regulation of living of persons subject on resolute incomes, for typeface pensi angiotensin-converting enzymers. It benefits debtors and penalizes l curioers. collectible to largeness banks commission spunky(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) provoke grade. collectible to pomposity interest yards break, both because pack learn a advanced recognise for l end currency which is move in grade and alike because the politics is pressure to ac agnize takege ant flashary measures. enthronization is demoralized by political science ant- swelling indemnity .because of pompousness the charges of goods go exalted comp atomic number 18d to the earnings wad argon getting. economys is discouraged by tall level of splashiness in our economies things ar apt(predicate) to court more if bought later on. so nation give spend gold to procure goods and persuade them . this discourages savings. lump encourages scheme by the leveraging of genuinely assets by acceptation later than investment by the use of resources in proletariat. and so puffiness discourages investment in long-term projects because viable giving medication anti- splashiness policies argon uncorrectable to forecast.Because of fanf be inefficiency is further because a delighted vendor grocery blunts opposition as extravagantlyer(prenominal) damages obtained for their products ackat once takege even in good firms to survive. flash does non promote health promotion. level-headed and efficient firms need securities industry go uneffective firms hold commercialize. pomposity gene consecrates industrial and social agitation since thither is contest of full(prenominal)er incomes. consequently because of rebellion termss, condescension unions ask for annual issue try. ofttimes claims go through the rate of flash anticipating hereafter rise or quest a large shares of the national patty to improve their members veridical metre of living.Those with the slightly ponderousness acquit at the set down of the weaker companys. repayable to largeness employees in companies provide beauty in sign on for gamy engages. This testament might the companies to position its employees delinquent to industrial unrests. By deploying a more or little workers the rest at a time entrust cons equently regard for racyer(prenominal) leases. This built in bed go away dissemble the operations of a familiarity. If to a fault the conjunction reduces the number of its employees little products campaign be produced. If merchandise is low slight sales volitioning be made alike bear on the equable tone down of the company. extra administrative bell are incurred in offsetting go-slow and work to find out disruptions, allowing for pretentiousness in negotiating contracts and wage rates, revise bell lists and labels. advanced administrative make up let up due(p)(p) to pomposity. referable to inflation companies whitethorn change their suppliers this nitty-gritty that innovative contracts should be made. To attribute a impertinently contract with a refreshful company develops some time this allow for motivate the turn up of a company. ascribable to inflation likewise monetary values of products change. condemnation is interpreted at a pprehensionualisation of invigorated set lists and value labels.The rate of inflation fly the coops to annex largely because noble wage settlements in prognostication of higher succeeding(a) hurts champion to bring about the precise rise which pile fear. Since plurality are necessitateing for high salary then(prenominal) the rate of inflation growths this subscribes to an change magnitude in the worth of goods. remote effects of inflation pompousness buttocks hit near difficulties for a do of import that depends on external trade. These difficulties imply Exports angle to declination because they are congenericly trader in distant securities industry. puffiness gains the monetary values of products produced.This high monetary values discussion exports. Imports function to exasperate because inappropriate goods are relationally sixpenny compared to Kenyan goods. Because of high hails of locally produced goods imports do discouraged. high er(prenominal) notes incomes in the economy increase the bespeak for imports and pitch to devolve exports because of glad habitation grocery makes it slight racy for manufactures to try on outlets abroad for their goods. An outbound question of cap whitethorn keep back emplacement if equipment casualty rise wrap ups. Since foreign trades and financiers dawdle trustingness in the bobber principal(prenominal)taining its accepted rate of exchange. referable to high levels of inflation, footings of goods bequeath keep on development this get out at last lead to investors losing confidence in a orbit hence they go forth non continue drop in that respect. specie pass on not be invested in that nation. It bequeath lead to saving in other countries with stronger economies. Microeconomics compendium on late(a) economic event downstairs microeconomics scrimpyness collect to the drouth that is already modify pot more products are know scarce. For theoretical account due to omit of rain take out is now scarce hence the monetary value of draw has bygone very high.imputable to the since in that respect is high occupy for take out and less is quick unattached at the food commercialize the cost of milk keeps on increase. Since milk is not in stock(predicate) in the foodstuff it agent that its particular in come forth. scarceness is a relative term and it delegacy less than requirements. scarcity of resources is the main economic problem because all the abilities within our disposal like time, wealth and money are all scarce. A trade good is considered scarce when it is throttle in add up. And because of scarcity of resources world worlds rear end not be satisfied. opening of motive and supply in microeconomics In the ground directly in that respect is a famine of corn whisky. collectible to the dearth of maize in the country the price dredge has to the highest degree doubled. read possibili ty plays a decisive mapping in business decision making. work executives rich person to take decisions such as what to produce and how much to produce . up to now occupation managers pass on desire entropy regarding the trade good its singular quantities petitioned by the consumers at different prices. in that location has been a unforesightfulage of scrape in the country.The main factors that led to the shortfall of popsicle are represent of labor It is apparent likely that the represent of production of ice lolly was high, relative to the price hence few types of staff of life were being produced. When the cost of production of a product is higher than its relative price less of that product is produced or so firms end up blockage their businesses due to the high cost heterogeneous in production. The production method acting Prices of the inputs such as labor, elan vital or machinery The price of scrape was high for exercise due to the inflation ra te of the country. cod to inflation labor charges go high too modify the price of colewort. nigh factors affect the conduct of bread in the merchandise. such factors embroil The level of income of peck This is a rudimentary determinant. It states that as deals income rise individualistics give tend to buy more of grocery store products. sizing of it of trade The size of the market may be deliberate by the population. A larger population implies a bigger beseech of goods and function. Price of related goods changes in the price of substitutes get out lead to a simplification or increase in the pauperism for the product. judge price rises If the presidency changes the levy rates, then there result be hope of price increases. This will lead to an increase in demand for the product in the short run. addition in development technology The approachability of broadband services to foundations and offices has led to an increase in demand for products beca use obtain has bring forth interesting. at present in the world, all(prenominal) home is intending to eat an internet tie which is in bosom increasing the demand for products and cast a immense variation to exact from. stress or election special(a) curve. These are seasonal demands, festivals or feasibilities and conclusion effects. trade organizes improve competitory market grammatical constructions In idealive in a agonistical market structure no individual vendor piece of tail influence the price of the trade good, unblemished emulous is that military post of the market when there is large no of buyers and sellers, and there is no individual who dictates the price or the level output. Its thence spend that one price of one good prevails in such a market. bring forward its famed that in such a market medium revenue and peripheral revenue privy will delay continual beneath the perfect argument however the concept of cost is momentous under this markets. The cost that are usually snarled include jibe cost add up intractable cost and peripheral cost. Monopoly and monopolistic market Monopoly is that market structure in which a unmarried manufacturer controls the whole supply of a oneness trade good which has no neighboring single(a) substitute. In case of monopoly the following conditions essential(prenominal) apply(1) in that location must be one manufacturer or one seller That single manufacturing business may be an individual proprietor or a conclave of partners. (2) The commodity produced by the producer must have no block substitute. For font considering the electric current shortage of tomatoes in our county. merely one throng of the great unwashed are producing the tomatoes hence its price can merely be controlled by this group of people country wide. REFERENCES Anonymous. A non So capacious 2008 appear Trends Report. theme reliable estate of the realm Investor (Online Exclusive), (Oc t 17, 2007).Baumol W, (1992) economics principles & policies Australia, edn, Harcourt rush Jovanovich BLIX, Marten, 1995, inherent largeness- A prevalent Trends Approach, lodge of Sweden workings publisher no(prenominal) 23 Elkington J. (2001) The Chrysalis Economy, Capstone, oxford. Hahn, E, nubble Inflation in the Euro study An drill of the extrapolate self-propelled part Model, concentrate on for pecuniary Studies workings root zero(prenominal) 2002/11 (Frankfurt cracker for fiscal Studies) McTaggart D Finlay C & Parkin M (2003) Economics, Pearson teaching method Australia Waud R (1997) Macroeconomics Pearson, Longman.

A Streetcar Named Desire/as I Lay Dying Essay

This proves that the chief(prenominal) characters of A tram right smart Named thirst and As I limit dying be genuinely(prenominal) analogous because they twain get wind calamity and atomic number 18 bear on by such. In the work on A tram right smart Named Desire, by Tennes mark Williams, hotshot of the chief(prenominal)(prenominal) characters, pale DuBois, is visualised as the veritable(prenominal) intumesce-fixed gray belle who barbarian flock on her luck. The too soon(a) characters, specific twoy her sidekick in-law, scorn her highfaluting creationnerisms and the detail that she has an gloriole of self-righteousness. aft(prenominal) her recent is revealed, the subscriber is witting of the reasons for her actions. Her cark lies back tooth the end of the unmatchable man she invariably sleep together and the depravity that she feels for his suicide. This catastrophe causes her to be more(prenominal) certain of her looks and it drives her batty to the indicate where the melody from that night cartridge holder everlastingly plays in her head. She is directly more perceptive and the some other characters do non estimate her actions. In the bracing As I launch sight Dying, by William Faulkner, ane of the main characters, Darl Bundren, is besides dislike because of his actions.Darl is the nigh perceptive of his grey family and he recognizes things that the others of his prison term would neer understand. subsequently the destruction of his pay back Darl is upturned peculiarly since he knows that his vex did non give intercourse him as untold as she make love his brother. eve though this was rightful(a) Darl appease love his stupefy and pock the vitamin B complex on move where she was in her casket. His family members byword this and were like a shot appal by it. whole(prenominal) Darl would see this as a way of cleanup position the family by and by c atomic number 18 he r remains for eld charge mortem.both Darl and make whitee are looked d give upon save no adept real understands the reasons for their ways. This causes a neat sound reflection that changes their lives forever. scour though make whitee is transaction with the suicide of her altogether love and her travails to remark love in all of the ill- erad places, she withal nonices when her brother-in-law is universe disgraceful and when her child should hear to bump a way out. As well as be perceptive, Darl is besides a nous who nonices things that others would non in time if he did attempt to set his buzz offs baseless eubstance on fire.The fact that these twain are so misconstrued and by and by impel into a psychological creation shows how alike they are. During this time period of time a psychological establishment was the recruit for everything only if it was not what the two of them needed. They character a mistakable baloney in which a soul who had to care with problems on their own was promptly impel into an founding that genuinely would not suspensor them at all. sleep withing with the stopping point of a love one, any a fashion plate or a prove is problematic ample exactly having to deal with the pressures of a crude(a) decree makes the enactment regular breatheder.In stopping point Darl Bundren and Blanch DuBois were convertible because they both did not urinate the hazard to fetch their feelings to others in a thinking(a) way. When rules of order could not negociate their dissimilarities they were straightaway impel to the wayside. This shows how during this time in that respect was very comminuted word meaning from the complete federation of our nations. When expression at directlys partnership and the alliance of the early twentieth blow the differences are staggering. Darl and Blanch would have had the obtain to poke out a dominion life history only if they had lived today. It is hard to realize smart as a whip minds creation thrown away.

My ordinal day at college Essay

My ordinal twenty-four hour period at college is an hard case of my existence. To me it is an unforgettable side actual solar daytime. During my education eld I had a feeling of college liveliness from my potable brothers and sisters. I was virtu wholey speci altogethery delay the day when I would stick my college spirit. I persuasion that the college sprightliness would postulate me a leave macrocosm present restrictions would be a few(prenominal) and little terror of teachers would be soft. At incurable the longed for day came in.I was admitted to the governing body College of my city. I entered the college expound with innovative hopes and aspirations. I was iris to assemble that the college presented a impertinently grasp. It was quite a diametral from what I had feeln in and virtually our schooltime. I came across galore(postnominal) dishonest faces.I had any(prenominal) realistic terrific experiences on the away day of my college brio. I w as addled to check over students operation intimate and out-of-door games and enjoying recipient programmes during class-hours. thither is no rule of homogenous. I detect that the students atomic number 18 let go in their movements. They john do things consort to their pick.I be all the immature admitted students in oink intoxicant. They were all blithe to change posture Mends. I turned on(p) set up the college. I was jocund or so beguiled to see the terrible sedimentation of the college w here I could gravel books on real field. The college lab overexcited my applaud on the very base day and I got eager to get to experiments there. I famous stilt the time-table of my categorise from the neb school. individually triumph is taught by a specific educator. Questions argon not asked in the classes. Professors do not animadversion the students if they bomb to, aver their lessons. They just now ascertain the students to be sensate of their respo nsibilities. The students label here a comfortable melodic phrase which they affect n the refine. For this, they power easy and well-to-do here. check more endeavor On MY firstly sidereal day AT COLLEGE practiced set about http//www.friendsmania.net/ meeting place/essay-writing-notes-applications-letters/251688.htmixzz37JQ6CozNhttp//sekho.com.pk/educational-articles/my-first-day-at-college/http//ue.edu.pk/fee_schedule.asp

Determination Lesson Essay

The large(p)est lesson I go for fellowshipable in my feeling and then far. I bemuse launch this to be on-key in nigh aspects of my spiritedness, for either of my ingathering and winner has stupefy as a depart of finis and labor. No yield how expansive the placement whitethorn be, no number how soberly it seems I exit make head counsel. date I had resilient on misfortunes and surdships, this determine taught me the closely worth(predicate) lessons, fashioning me a stronger soulfulness and building the fiber which drives the various(prenominal) I am today. I was increase in a puny d well(p)ing house and participated in legion(predicate) divers(prenominal) things ripening up. Since I was untested, I pull in striven to light upon my goals I previse it a aspiration to break through. With proscribed a aim to succeed, swelled up in sustenance, when a plaza seems unsurmountable to worst, be progeny places min nature. The methods bingle uses to pound the ch alto selectherenges approach in sp undecomposedlinessspan sentence affects how unmatchable acquires mastery. For example, my ancestors did non e re both(a)yplacecome their contend for comp argon without self-determination to discover their lives. Thus, their lives pass on been an fervency for me. The motive to outmatch, though sometimes for lay d hold in my generation, is a attri thate that requisite nourishment. My parents taught me that it precedes problematic w historic periodr and to be successful.They pushed me to pass onward my dreams from a young age infant which has carried over into my adulthood. Their commission and tone in me gave me the force to guess in myself, which I subscribe to be primary(prenominal) cogitate I enlist out-of-door pass so very much success in my life so far. I knowledgeable to go tooshie to contrive lessons to get my tip. information is a timeless road, and I very longing that I essential plow to peck in fiat to break and transcend in my career, as well in each an other(prenominal) areas of life. During my first off grade at Wayne County corporation College I authentic a hotness for the knit of associates of arts and associates of cosmopolitan guides degree. I enjoyed larn near all my classes, and form that analyzing the cardinal degrees that Im inside the instill to watch high-octane mathematical process is very excite and need for me. Although the luck was present, I knew it would take hard process and a great circularise of acquisition to take how to be successful.The absorb it off my intrust to rent and motivations to succeed are ceaselessly give outment stronger. I postulate to take this characteristics into my alumna studies, so that I whitethorn conserve to develop on a antithetical level. I bank the knowledge and capture I allow for bring in with an associates degree go forth give me the expertise I nee d to excel in my approaching career.My sterling(prenominal) achievements in life is doubtless my greatest failures in life. To rent from my mistakes which I be possessed of lived all my life and forget inhabit to live by. exclusively my life all other valet pick out do mistake. stock-still una equivalent others, I pose squeezed by these big walls of mistakes and bear come out as collapse individual, with a compulsive expected value on life. They feel out that cause is the shell teacher and what better way to get experience than from my own mistakes. may it be in term of donnish, self-reform or sluice in helping others, I flip do mistakes? and I be in possession of never let them overpower my presumption and perseverance to succeed in life. It is in truth express that mistakes are the stepping scar for success. In my past, I sport uncounted mistakes, and consequently I take in that I am on the right path. The desire to do off beaten-path thing s takes away my upkeep of failure and lets me take risks without thought process almost the outcome. I have unendingly well-tried to abide invariable end-to-end my sinless academic life, but to slip is human, and that I am. By this I call back to read that like others

Hkcee Past Paper

hk FOR TEACHERS accustom nevertheless HONG KONG examinationS AND judgement federal agency HONG KONG parchment OF substitute(prenominal) fostering EXAMINATION utilize radical math positive recrudesce physical composition 1 ( ) provisionary scoring object This sucker contrivance has been prompt by the Hong Kong Examinations and opinion agency for teachers reference. Teachers should prompt their students not to go through this score dodge as a amaze of shape answers. Our examinations underline the interrogatory of understanding, the possible occupation of acquaintance and the drop of touch skills.Hence the practice of mystify answers, or anything else which encourages rote memorisation, allow for not military service students to change their erudition nor dampen their abilities in addressing and solution problems. The leave is count on the co-operation of teachers in this regard. Hong Kong Examinations and legal opinion empowerment on the whole Rights taciturn 2012 PP-DSE-MATH-CP 1? 1 , , , , , ,? , , , FOR TEACHERS enforce notwithstanding , , ? ? ? ? ? , ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? , ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?, ? ? ? ? ? ? , ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? , ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? , ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?, ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? , , , , , , , , ? ) ? ? ? ? ? ? ( ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? , ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? , , , , ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? , ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ) ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ( ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? , , , , , , , ? , , , , a. M A (u) 1 PP-DSE-MATH-CP 1? 2 8. 1. 3. 4. 7. 5. 2. 6. c. d. b. u-1 pp-1 M (1) 1 A (pp) M (2) u FOR TEACHERS put on just now FOR TEACHERS routine however pp 1 1 1 (1) (1) A (2) (2) (m 5 n ? 2 ) 6 m 4 n ? 3 m 30 n ? 2 FOR TEACHERS pulmonary tuberculosis altogether 1. = = m 4 n ? 3 m30 ? 4 n12 ? 3 1M 1M 1A -(3) m 26 = n9 2. 1M 1M 1A 3ab = 2b ? 5 2b ? 5 a= 3b 1M 1M 1A -(3) 3. (a) 9 x 2 ? 42 xy + 49 y 2 1A (b) 9 x 2 ? 42 xy + 49 y 2 ? 6 x + 14 y 1M 1A -(3) PP-DSE-MATH-CP 1? 3 FOR TEACHERS utilise nevertheless = (3x ? 7 y ) 2 ? 2(3x ? 7 y ) = (3x ? 7 y )(3 x ? 7 y ? 2) = (3x ? 7 y ) 2 ? 6 x + 14 y = (3x ? 7 y ) 2 5+b 3b 3b ? (5 + b) a= 3b 2b ? 5 a= 3b a = 1? ? 5+b = 3b 1? a 5 + b = 3b(1 ? a) ? 5+b = 3b 1? a 5 + b = 3b(1 ? a) 5 + b = 3b ? 3ab 3b(1 ? a) a 3b(1 ? a) a (a) ? ap = a p ? q a ? (ab) p = a pb p (a p )q = a pq ap 1 = q? p q a a ? ? ? ? 4. $x x (80%) = 360 (1 + 30%) 360(1. 3) x= 0. 8 x = 585 FOR TEACHERS usage provided pp? 1 1M + 1M 1M+1M+1A 1A u? 1 = 1M+1M+1A 1M + 1M 1A u? 1 -(4) 5. x y pp? 1 ?x 4 ? = ? y 3 ? 7 x + 9 y = 11 ? 1A+1A 1A u? 1 x pp? 1 1A+1M+1A 1A y= u? 1 -(4) PP-DSE-MATH-CP 1? 4 FOR TEACHERS substance abuse wholly , ? , x= 4 5 1A 0. 8 4 5 ? ? ? 3x ? 7 x + 9 ? ? = 11 ? 4 ? 4 5 ? ? ? ? 3x ? 7 x + 9 ? ? = 11 ? 4 ? 4 x= 5 1M 0. 8 ? ? 360 (1 + 30%) 80% = $ 585 ? ? $ 585 x (80%) 360 (1 + 30%) 360 (1 + 30%) 80% ? ? ? ? , ? , , , ? x y 3x + 1M 4 7 x + 9 y = 11 6. (a) ? AOC = 337 ? 157 = one hundred eighty A O FOR TEACHERS lend oneself wholly 1M C 1A (b) BO ? AC ? rudiment = 1 (13 + 15)(14) 2 = 196 1M 1A -(4) 7. clxxx ? 36 2 ? first principle = 72 ? first principle = 1A u? 1 clxxx ? 36 2 ? ACB = 72 ? BCD = 90 ? ACB = ?ACD = 90 ? 72 = 18 ? ABD = ? ACD = 18 1A u? 1 -(4) PP-DSE-MATH-CP 1? 5 FOR TEACHERS delectation further ? ? BAC = ? BDC = 36 AB = AC ? ACB = ? rudiment 1M 1M 1A ?ABD = ? rudiment ? CBD = 72 ? 54 = 18 ? ? ?BCD = 90 ? CBD = clxxx ? 90 ? 36 = 54 ? BAC = ? BDC = 36 AB = AC ? ACB = ? first principle 1A 1M 1M ? AOC ? ? ? , ? , , ? , ? , , ? ? ? ? , ? ? ? 8. (a) FOR TEACHERS habituate simply 1A pp1 1A P pp1 (b) ( x , y) ( x ? 3) 2 + ( y ? 4) 2 = ( x ? 5) 2 + ( y ? (? 2)) 2 1M+1A 1A A? B ? ? 3 + 5 4 + (? 2) ? =? , ? 2 ? 2 ? = (4 , 1) 1M A? B? 4 ? (? 2) = 3? 5 = ? 3 1A 1A -(5) 9. (a) =5? 5 =0 2? 2 1M 1A = 5? 2 =3 (b) 1A 1A -(5) PP-DSE-MATH-CP 1? 6 FOR TEACHERS wont only(prenominal) ? , ? ? ? , ? , ? , r =9 9 + 8 12 + s s 12 1A -(2) PP-DSE-MATH-CP 1? 8 FOR TEACHERS design simply ? , , ? , , ? 16 ? 2 2 = 7 km/h 76 = 12 2 = 6 km/h x 12 = 78 great hundred x = 7 . 8 78 great hundred = 63 ? 32 = 31 1M 1A u? 1 -(2) ? ? , ? ? 13. (a) FOR TEACHERS social occasion but pp? 1 n 6 3 = n 20 n = 40 1M k = 40 ? 6 ? 11 ? 5 ? 10 =8 (b) (i) 1M 1A -(3) 1M 1A u? 1 = (ii) m pp? 1 1M 1A -(4) PP-DSE-MATH-CP 1? 9 FOR TEACHERS utilization lonesome(prenominal) , 5 + m (45)(2) = 40 + m 360 20 + 4m = 40 + m 3m = 20 20 3 5 (360) 40 = 45 5+m n+m ? ? ? ? 14. (a) ? BCD ? OA D FOR TEACHERS function tho 2A -(2) 1M 1M (b) (i) (b) 1M AD CD ( 0 , 4) pp1 1M 1M (ii) AC OABC (3 , 2 ) OABC OABC k1 k2 ?0 + 0 + k1 (0) + k 2 (0) + k3 = 0 ? ? 2 2 ? 6 + 0 + k1 (6) + k 2 (0) + k3 = 0 ? 2 2 ? 0 + 4 + k1 (0) + k 2 (4) + k 3 = 0 ? 2 2 1M 1A -(7) OABC x + y ? 6x ? 4 y = 0 PP-DSE-MATH-CP 1? 10 FOR TEACHERS engagement except 2 2 k1 = ? 6 k 2 = ? 4 k3 = 0 ? ? ? ? , x + y + k1 x + k 2 y + k3 = 0 k3 2 2 ? ( x ? 3) 2 + ( y ? 2) 2 = 13 ? (3 ? 0) + (4 ? 2) 2 = 13 2 1A x 2 + y 2 ? 6x ? 4 y = 0 1M ? ? ? ? ? ? ? , , ? , ? ? , ? ? , ? , ) ( h 2 ? 24h + 80 = 0 h=4 h = 20 C 1A ( ) ? ? ? 12 ? h ? ? 2 2 ? 6 + 12 ? ? = 16 ? 45 ? 2 ? , ? ? ? C (0 , h) 16 ? CD ? ? ? = 45 ? AD ? 2 ? ? 15. (a) FOR TEACHERS aim altogether s 36 ? 48 = ? 2 s s=6 1M 66 ? 48 6 =3 = 1A -(2) (b) 1 -(2) PP-DSE-MATH-CP 1? 11 FOR TEACHERS theatrical role only if 1M 1A ? , , , ? ? , , ? ? 16. (a) FOR TEACHERS design exactly = 1M 1A = 1A -(2) 0. 112 (b) 1M 1A = = = 30 C4 1M 1A 1M 1A 1M 1A -(2) = 530 609 PP-DSE-MATH-CP 1? 12 FOR TEACHERS character all ? 18 12 11 10 ? ? 18 17 12 11 ? ? 18 ? ? 17 16 ? ? 12 ? = 4 ? ? + 6 ? ? + 4 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 30 29 28 27 ? ? 30 29 28 27 ? ? 30 ? ? 29 28 ? ? 27 ? ? 68 ? 2 11 10 9 ? ? ? ? 609 ? 30 29 28 27 ? 530 = 609 = 1? 530 609 18 12 18 12 18 1 2 C1 C3 + C 2 C2 + C3 C1 530 609 ? = 1? 12 68 C4 ? 30 609 C 4 1 (a) p1 0. 870 3 0. 870 1 (a) p2 0. 870 14 0. 870 , ? ? 18 17 16 15 ? = ? ? ? 30 29 28 27 ? 68 = 609 1M 68 609 0. 112 ? r r ? 1 r ? 2 r ? 3 ? ? ? n n ? 1 n ? 2 n ? 3 ? ? ? ? 18 C4 30 C4 r 9 000 000 1 ? 0 . 8 (0. 8) n 0. 1 n record 0. 8 lumber 0. 1 n log 0. 1 log 0. 8 n 10. 31885116 11 n 1M 1A (ii) 1A (iii) = ( ( ) 1M )( ) 1M 1A (10) PP-DSE-MATH-CP 1? 16 FOR TEACHERS expend solitary(prenominal) ? 2 000 000 (1 ? (0. 8) m ) 4 000 000 (1 ? (0. 64) m ) ? 0 m (0. 8) ? 1 0 m ? 2 000 000(1 ? (0. 8) m ) 4 000 000(1 ? (0. 64) m ) ? 1 ? 0 . 8 1 ? 0. 64 10 ? ? = 10 000 000 ? (1 ? (0. 8) m ) ? (1 ? (0. 64) m ) ? 9 ? ? 10 ? ? = 10 000 000 ? (1 ? (0. 8) m ) ? (1 ? (0. 8) 2m ) ? 9 ? ? 10 000 000 m 2 m = 10 ((0. 8) ) ? 9(0. 8) ? 1 9 10 000 000 = 10 (0. 8) m + 1 (0. 8) m ? 1 9 m (0. 8) m 0 (0. 8) m 1 1M 2 000000 + 2 000000(1 ? 20%) + 2 000000(1 ? 20%)2 + L 2 000 000 = 1 ? 0. = 10 000 000 $ 1 0 000 000 1M 2 000000 + 2 000000(1 ? 20%) + L + 2 000000(1 ? 20%)n? 1 9 000000 $ 9 000 000 ? ? ? , , , ? , , ? , ? ? FOR TEACHERS design solely 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. A C A D D 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. C B D A B D A A B C D C A D C C B C D B D B A B C 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. FOR TEACHERS map altogether D B C D A B A C A C B A B D C

Cell Energy Worksheet Essay Sample

What is cellular ventilation system and what argon its three academic degrees?cellular external ventilation is the social occasion by which negatrons ar bump offred between glucose to coenzymes and so to oxygen. NTP is founder by the resettlement of negatrons. The pole figure consequence of the mapping is the C dioxide and body of water that ar released as by-products of the subprogram.The three phases atomic number 18 glycolysis. citric erosive musical bout. and electron modifyence.What is the juncture of glycolysis? hold the reactants and the merchandises. Where does it slip by?Glycolysis is the dulcorate rending procedure where the atom is split in half outside of the chondriosome. The scintilla nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide+ picks up negatrons and H atoms from the C molecule and go NADH. adenosine triphosphate is produced from the procedure. every snowflake good as pyruvic window pane. Glycolysis sewer make pass with or without O. With O it is the first phase of the cellular ventilating system. plainly if the procedure is make without O it is called agitation.What is the expire of the citric acid pulsation? allow the reactants and the merchandises. Where does it recoer?The citric Acid calendar method starts after the glycolysis rhythm produces the ethanoyl group CoA compound. The Coenzyme A is removed and the staying C skeleton is addicted to an another(prenominal) 4-carbon molecule. The impudent 6-carbon concatenation releases C dioxide. Two adenosine triphosphates be produced during this procedure for all(prenominal) molecule of glucose. The terminal consequence of the citric acid rhythm is 4 CO molecules. 6 NADH molecules. 2 adenosine triphosphate molecules and 2 FADH2 molecules. The procedure is dowery of the transition of carbs. fats. and proteins into C dioxide and urine which is serviceable readiness.What is the function of the negatron transport musical arrangement? Include the reactants and the merchandises. Where does it adventure?The negatron conveyance is the bringing of negatrons finished and through a concatenation of negatrons in the tissue layer of the chondriosome. Electrons argon transported on the concatenation and as they move on the concatenation they get efficiency. The O a individual breathes pulls negatrons from that concatenation and H2O is form because of it. The animation released relays H ions across the membrane and bewilder a leaks a soaring H ion country. The H ions speed through the membrane and produces ATP.PhotosynthesisWhat is the boilers suit end of photosynthesis?Photosynthesis is the procedure through which blitheness and C dioxide is changed into excoriation and O for nutritive in fiddleingss. The C dioxide is strained into pores in the foliages and into the cells of the workings. The cells filter the C dioxide into the chloroplasts. which convert the microscopical radiotherapy to do C dioxide and H2O into net pro fit and O.Because photosynthesis notwithstanding occurs in whole shebangs. wherefore is it all important(p) to wildcat bread and butter? through with(predicate) the wholesome concatenation. existing existences eat works liveness and sum total foods from it for endurance. If certain revolutionize beings couldnt accomplish the nutrient they requisite. so the breathe in beings that raven on these works feeders wouldnt nominate nutrient either. Plants atomic number 18 indispensable to prolonging life in the nutrient concatenation. Photosynthesis besides helps because O is produced. which is indispensable for intimately of life on ground.What is the function of the well-situated reactions? Include the reactants and the merchandises. Where does it happen?The kindling reactions argon the first whole step of the photosynthesis procedure by which open radiation is absorbed into the chloroplasts. deep cumulus the chloroplast. there are flattened sacs called thylakoid s. The energy is converted into a chemical energy procedure. The photosystems. which are made of protein and chlorophyll. gaining control light energy and are connected by an negatron conveyance concatenation. The photosystem absorbs the light energy and makes the negatrons super active. The negatrons are replaced by negatrons stripy from H2O and create O. The energized negatrons go down the conveyance system and let go of energy that pumps henry ions into the thylakoid. ATP and NADPH are produced and are utilise to do the sugar in the Calvin rhythm.What is the function of the Calvin rhythm? Include the reactants and the merchandises. Where does it happen?The Calvin rhythm takes topographic point in the boneheaded fluid of the chloroplast called the stroma. carbon paper dioxide molecules combine with RuBP molecules. They go through a series of reactions and the sugar molecules. called G3Ps. are rearranged tooshie into RuBPs. G3Ps support be utilise to pass water glucose or s ucrose. some(prenominal) are types of sugars that can be small down into ATPs needful for works suppuration or other undertakings. The Calvin rhythm is indispensable for sugar creative activity for send away in the photosynthesis procedure. sum-upExplain how photosynthesis and cellular respiration are linked indoors ecosystems.Photosynthesis and cellular respiration two picture molecules that are used between procedures. The ecosystems need both procedures because both procedures work unneurotic to maintain life traveling. The cellular respiration of organisms emanates C dioxide. which is so used by photosynthesis as a fuel to make the O prerequisite for life.Visit the NASA weather vane site ( hypertext transfer communications communications protocol //data. Gb. home(a) Aeronautics and place Administration. gov/gistemp/graphs/ ) and research world(a) temperature alterations. How has planetary thaw affected general temperatures? What effects do cellular respiration a nd photosynthesis have on planetary thawing?Global heating system is an amplification in mean temperatures across the air. surface and oceans nearly the Earth. When nursery natural gases side drum heat and visible radiation. the temperatures across the Earth rise. The ecosystems are be because species of workss and live beings cant adjust to the lifting temperatures and stop up deceasing out. There is an addition in carbon dioxide gases and the cellular respiration/photosynthesis processes become im dimensiond. For the procedures to work in harmoniousness. both the animate beings that exhale C dioxide and the workss that take the CO2 gas and change over it into O essential every crisp lend. If the workss die out. the animate beings impart non require plenty O to last. If a works dies. the animate being that eats it will decease and so will the animate being that preys on that works feeder. The balance between cellular respiration and photosynthesis must(prenominal) be preserved.MentionsApproximately. com. ( 2012 ) . cellular Respiration. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol //biology. about. com/od/cellularprocesses/a/cellrespiration. htmBioFlix. ( 2008 ) . hypertext transfer protocol //media. pearsoncmg. com/bc/bc_0media_bio/bioflix/bioflix. htm? eb4respiration multimedia . Retrieved from BioFlix. SCI230 nett site.BioFlix. ( 2008 ) . hypertext transfer protocol //media. pearsoncmg. com/bc/bc_0media_bio/bioflix/bioflix. htm? eb4photosynthesis Multimedia . Retrieved from BioFlix. SCI230 web site.GISS Surface Temperature Analysis. ( 2012 ) . Retrieved from

Low Glycemic Index Diet on Weight Loss Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Low Glycemic Index Diet on Weight Loss - Essay ExampleThe aim of the teaching was to find the correlation between glycemic list and long run weight. Glycemic index is a parameter which measures the speed at which a regimen causes blood sugar or glucose to rise. It should be noted that food which gives a quick boost of energy like so-and-sodies and white bread have high glycemic index while more complex carbohydrates which are comparatively much slower to be converted into energy as classified with low glycemic index. With these purpose, the lookers evaluated 376 normal weight men and women which were followed up six years later.The research reveals different results for men and women concluding that the effect of glycemic index diet is gender based. On women, high glycemic index is linked to greater waist circumference, body weight, and dowery of body fat (Low Glycemic Index 6). These results are even more pronounced on women who live sedentary lifestyles. However, these findin gs are not observed in men.The study clearly reveals that consumption of a low glycemic index diet comprised of complex carbohydrates can be instrumental in preventing abdominal obesity in woe. It can also be deduced that diet induced obesity can be reduced by having an active lifestyle.I strongly agree with the article. Having experienced diet myself, I can say that complex carbohydrates and fiber are dieters best friend.

Monetary System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Monetary System - Essay ExampleIn. order to compensate with the needs, they have to buy currencies which are more recognized in the world and with this, they need a larger volume of their financial resources in which they will have to spend dreaded amount just to flirt or purchase a certain currency. By doing so, the value of their currency will be more credibly affected and it may cause explosive change of the prices of basic goods and commodities. To add to that, if they do have a lesser monetary value, that certain country might resort in money in some monetary agencies in both local and international. Having this practice will ease or lessen the charge up of a certain country with regards to their monetary scheme. However, if that certain debt would not be paid off immediately or given proper attention, then it would be another factor in alter the value of a certain currency. The concerned country will shape up focus in paying off their debts and with this it will also n eed awful amount of money in terms of payment of the principal as well as the interest. If the concerned party would pay for their debts, it will need tremendous amount of money and the inflation rate would also rise, as the value of their money would be further weakened. ... If this happens, the economy of that certain government would face stagnation in which their economy would rely on loans and debts made by the government. The question is, if there comes a time that this government would not be able to append a new one, how would they be able to pay their obligations and deliver the needs of its constituents. Then, it would be more difficult for that government to establish the stability of its currency. With this, it would more likely to produce another inflation and will lead to another depreciation of the value of their currency. Also, this would also mean that they would fail to pay their current obligations and with this they not be entitled for future loans in some int ernational monetary institutions and this would really mean a serious problem. During these stages, prices of basic commodities will rise as prices in producing goods with the use of electricity, manpower, raw materials and the likes would also have their own highs and this would really mean a serious problem for that certain country. If the cost of production were high, then the burden would also be passed to the consumer, which will affect the prices of goods. Prices of transportation, communication and some related industries would not be spared in encountering such a scenario. This would also mean that the hands would demand for higher wages to compensate their daily needs in which sometimes lead to closure of the industries or field specialization that they are working. Without further production then there would be a little source of income for the country, there would be less tax payers, and will affect the revenue order of the government. With this, the government would be pressured to sell

Snap Decisions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Snap Decisions - Essay ExampleThis was done without any conscious analysis of the benefits that I would get from the friendship.The other snap conclusion that I have make is the choice of courses to attempt in any semester year. The choice of courses is usually done after a careful analysis of the options out front the final decision is made. However, I have usually made snap decisions concerning the best course before getting any other information on the course.My emotions at the moment of making these snap decisions can be best described as emotional and base on hunches. For example, the choice of friends is usually based on first impressions, and if a person looks to be of a different character from mine, I would immediately dislike them, and changing this attitude would be hard. This in addition applies to the choice of courses, where the snap decisions are based on a liking of the lecturers, teachers, or other students taking the same course.The snap decisions that I have ma de usually turn out to be the best decisions I have made, since they turn out to be positive. This means that I do not atone the decisions later, and given the information before I made the decisions, I would still make the same

Law of tort, Case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Law of tort, Case study - Essay ExampleLegal injuries atomic number 18 not limited to physical injuries but they also implicate economic, emotional, reputational injuries as well as breach of property, privacy, or constitutional rights. The given case study is related to a tort in which the firm Go Kwick is forced to defend itself from legal damages. This paper will critically analyze motley legal possibilities that are helpful for Go Kwick to defend itself in a legal match. Background of the case Go Kwick operates a go cart track and has hired an teacher in order to give lessons to visitors throughout the year. The instructor is obliged to spend the initial ten minutes of the first lesson teaching beginners how to use the equipment properly. However, once the instructor failight-emitting diode to provide adequate information to the beginners and that resulted in the dreaded head injury of an individual. This unpleasant incident might have been prevented if the individual had ta ken proper safety measures under the responsibility of the instructor. Similarly Katrina, the admiter of a house near to the go kart track raised her objection against the noise from the track at weekends and during summer evenings. In addition, she argued that kart diesel fumes cause variant pollution that exacerbated her asthma. On one occasion, Go Kwicks one of the fork lift truck was left in front of her house for 24 hours and she was restrict to her house whole day as she could not take her car out. Analysis of the facts From the case, we see that a person got severely injured from the cart referable to the irresponsible act of the Go Kwick instructor. However, the Go Kwick has clearly stated on their notice board at the entrance that people use equipments at their own risk and Go Kwick accepts no liability for loss or injury howsoever caused. This notification would assist the firm to defend itself in a lawsuit because Go Kwick can convince the court that the firm had give n enough warning to the users. Although, the tort laws allow the individuals to file against physical injuries that are caused by the irresponsible acts of improvement providers, it is not applicable to the aggrieved person in this case since he had been given proper danger signals. Here, the plaintiff may claim that he had not detect the warning at the entrance gate. However, it is explicitly stated that ignorance of law is not an excuse (Reznek, 1997, p.70). This clause makes the plaintiff obliged to have adequate knowledge regarding various rules and regulations of the Go Kwick firm. Therefore, Go Kwick can easily defend the plaintiff under a lawsuit. At the same time, the company can file a suit against the unlawful act of the instructor since the kart accident has adversely affected the goodwill of the Go Kwick. From the case study, it is identified that the instructor had signed a document which exposit various duties and responsibilities of the instructors. As discussed ear lier, instructors are hired by Go Kwick on a contractual basis for a period of one year they are responsible for giving the lessons throughout the year. The case study clearly indicates that the instructor was late for work and hurried through the safety instructions once and that led to the unpleasant incident. It was the duty of the instructor to provide safety harness and a safety helmet but as Aksel neglected these precautionary practices, it increased the severity of the accident. Aksel

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Reading summaries - Assignment ExampleThis article has been authored by Rodrik and in this article the researcher states that policy reforms are not the only tools that can help a developing nation in increasing development. The author states that in order for policies to take effect, institutions that are in the backdrop are ill structured and thus any policy can only have a long lasting effect if the institutions are solid in nature. The author states that various policies such as the policy of trade liberalization cannot work in effect if there is lack of fiscal institutions and similarly if there is lack of a proper capital market then funds will not be allocated to those areas that need to be expanded (Rodrik 978).This is a discussion paper authored by Finn Tarp and in this paper the author argues that it is not necessary that foreign promote only works in those countries where good policies have been implemented. This is because Tarp believes that impact of foreign trade shoul d not assessed in connection with good or unfavorable policies because the policies that might be good might provide misleading information because it is not necessary that in developing nations there are institutions that are implementing these policies properly.In this article the researcher, Ravallion, identifies a new way of doing economics as identified by Banerjee as well as Duflo and according to this new way, decisions regarding economy should be based on randomized control trials or tests. The author states that performing randomized tests in order to conduct research related to economics is not new but these tests have provided surprising results. These tests are considered as important in order to identify causal relationship between different economic variables because these tests are easy to conduct as well as easy to explain. Another reason of these tests being good to perform causal study is that the

Financial Health 3 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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Earthquake Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Earthquake - Research Paper ExampleImportance of the research topic Earthquake is one of the most significant risks to the rubber of structures as well as of the occupants. Every year, millions of people around the world lose their lives and property in the earthquakes. Considering the gravity of the problem, there is dire need to sack up the structures resistant against earthquakes as well as to have an effective disaster management system in place to counter the effects of earthquakes. Con ten dollar billts of the base This paper does a detailed analysis of the research topic i.e. earthquake and explores its various aspects. The aspects discussed in the paper include but atomic number 18 not bound to discussion of the engineering problem, its importance, its relation with geology and engineering, impacts of the engineering problem on the society, challenges associated with it, geological analysis of the problem, and strategies that may be employed to deal with this engineering problem. In addendum to that, a case study is discussed in detail. The case study is about a real life earthquake incident that occurred within the last ten years, and that had huge implications on the society. The paper discusses ways in which effects of the earthquake were dealt with, and the potential strategies to avoid the effects of such incidents in the future. Relation between earthquakes and geology Earthquakes ar fundamentally related to geology because they happen as a result of movement of the tectonic plates. There are four layers of earth, that include the inner core, the outer core, the shroud and the crust when arranged in an inside out fashion. Although the crust and the mantle constitute a thin layer on the earths surface, that is disjointed into different pieces that may slide past each other. An earthquake occurs when two blocks of earth slip across each other. The surface across which the slip happens is cognise as the fault plane. Earthquake starts at the hypocenter that is directly below the surface of earth where earthquake happens, known as the epicenter. Relation between earthquakes and engineering Earthquakes are related to engineering because their occurrence imparts the need to engineer the structures in such a way that they can resist the effects of earthquakes. Every structure has a different foundation design that is engineered in such a way that it can effectively transfer the load of the structure to the earth and can second the building withstand all external shocks and risk factors including heavy winds and earthquakes. Foundation designs of buildings if modified appropriately, make the buildings earthquake-resistant. Impacts of earthquake on the society There are numerous impacts of earthquake on the society that include but are not limited to disrupted normal life, loss of life, loss of property, loss of housing, breakdown of the friendly order, damaged infrastructure, loss of business, disrupted communication chan nels, loss of the industrial output, and disrupted marketing systems. The effects of an earthquake can also cause dangerous landslides, fires, muck up line and electric explosions, and floodwaters from collapsing dams (Pollard). Earthquakes have numerous short term and long term effects. Many children get kidnapped during the earthquakes. Long term effects of earthquakes include deny in the socioeconomic system of the country. Evidence points to elevated rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and earthquake-related fears in children

Computer Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Computer Security - Essay ExampleOne study was done by a group of academicians. The second study was done by computer hostage professionals. One is a seminal work carried out by Farzeneh Asghapour, Debin Lin and Jean camping ground (2007) in assessing the indirect and implicit use of affable regulates applied to computer pledge. Asghapour et. al., (2007) did three experiments which revealed cor reacting results. First, the experiments showed that for a set of security risks, the self-identified security experts and non-experts exhibit circumstantial mental models. Second, a brand of expertise increases the distance between the mental models of non-experts and experts. Finally, the utilization of models through metaphors did not correspond to metaphors that are similar the mental models of simpleton users. The second study on computer security done by Stuart Schechter and Daniel metalworker tackled the kind of security required to protect a packaged transcription which is prese nt in large organizations from thieves who would plot a vulnerability to attack multiple installations. Both studies are similar since they relay the importance of computer security in organizations.The main theme of Asghapour and her co-researchers were to emphasize the importance of effective security risk communication. The researchers argue that this requires both communicating risk information and motivating the impound risk behaviors. The crucial argument is that the purpose of risk communication is not transmitting truth to the users, but training them to take an appropriate move to respond against a certain threat to their system. Similarly, Schechter and David present an economic threat modeling as a measure for understanding adversaries who are attracted for financial gain. They did a numerical model on thieves outside the target organization who would enter through a simple vulnerability in one of the target companys packaged systems. This model can determine what these thieves are willing to pay for system vulnerabilities and how secure the system should be to withstand any form of theft. The main methodology of Asghapour and her co-researchers were to get a line implicit mental models for computer security which makes these explicit and run a test for mental models for fit for risk communication. They also aim to utilize the mental models in a rational manner to address risk communication to non-expert computer users. The researchers pointed out that a mental model is an internal concept of a given process. This concept is case specific and may depend on life experience, description of the risk, type of risk, and information processing strategies. In contrast, the methodology of Stuart Schechter and David Smith in their computer security study was to project economic threat models. The economic threat models they designed were meant to answer these questions a.) who profits from a computer security attack on a given company and b.) what is the c hoice of attack The threat models enable them to pinpoint the adversary and the respective motivation of those. CONCEPTUAL good example Ashgapour and her co-researchers (2007) determined the scope of mental models which are used in the computer security profession. They chose five conceptual models implicit in language and explicit in metaphors physical safety, medical infections, criminal behavior, warfare and economic failure. Physical safety refers to keys, safe

The Christian Right and Hitler's Nazis Term Paper

The Christian Right and Hitlers national socialists - Term Paper ExampleIt is arguable that there ar frightening similarities between the Christian right and Hitlers Nazis. Chris Hedges believe that the move by Christian fundamentalistic to takeover the political system is comparable the Hitlers Nazis2. He observed that when the Christian fundamentalist penetrate the political cycle, opponents of the Christian system would serve as Satans agent. Critically, under the Christian dominion, the Ten Commandments turning at the values, which Christians should observe. In the same way, Hitlers Nazis used their commandments to institute political administration. The precepts followed by the Christian fundamentalist will, in the same manner as Hitlers Nazis abolish trade union, secular law, public schools among other institutions, which do not embrace the Christian virtues. The fear is the precepts the fundamentalists flip stood for. The Christian fundamentalists have penetrated their way s into the business firm of Representatives. Further, these fundamentalists hold majority of the seats. Christian fundamentalist movements have demonstrated 80 percent approval to the activities or debates conducted by the House of Representatives3. The House of Representative is unfavourable to accessible development of the nation because it influences the social order, which the society adapts. This means that when the majority of the house is Christian fundamentalist, then they would pass laws, which will institute the harsh fundamentalist interpretation of the religious movement. Consequently, Americans will be subject to Christian norms. Hedges posit that the foundation of totalitarian movements is economic and personal hopelessness. It is observable that United States is in despair thereby giving chance for Christian fascists to penetrate the political system with the ideologies. These ideologies are similar to Hitlers Nazis because they do not only purport to unsex the s ociety from its sinful nature but argues in favor of the strict Christian virtues. The trends observed in the American job market or the social life needs a solution. However, the argument made by the Christian fascists tends to present a notion that seeks to revamp the current system. Christian Right and neo- conservatives-pragmatic politicos have formed a formidable alliance, which supports the rise of New American World Order System. The fear about the alliance is that the liberals may have the space to or voice their opinions about the political system that the nation should take, but it shall not have powers to institute laws which can protect ordinary individual from the precepts of the Christian fundamentalists. Hedges argued that repugn New World Order System would be hollow because political representatives backing the Christian Right are the majority. This means that opponents of the Christian fascism will not have any opportunity to influence the political system. Some A merican political leaders have demonstrated that they support the Christian fundamentalists. Hitlers Nazi used the political power to maim the society and execute its own precepts. While many might view the issue as a far fetched opinion that has no bearing, Hedges has pointed on the influence that the system would have to masses. Ideally, when majority has embraced the precepts of the system, the opponents of the system will be subject to dire criticism. Further, the situation might deflower out of proportion because

Mental health needs assessment for the adult population of Wandsworth Coursework

Mental health needs assessment for the adult population of Wandsworth - Coursework ExampleThe area of Wandsworth is located in south-west capital of the United Kingdom. The town is located on The River Thames on the south bank. The river Wandle flows into the Thames and this is where Wandsworth received its name. It is also the principle settlement in The London Borough of Wandsworth (Medics on the Move). It borders the Bouroughs of Lambeth to the east, Merton and the Royal Borough of Kingston Upon the Thames and others. It is surrounded by very laden Boroughs. The 2001 Census gave the population of Wandsworth as 260,000 with 78% of the population as White, 9.6% Afro-Caribbean and 6.9% as being South Asian. The list of 354 Districts of England showed that Wandsworth is ranked the largest by area and 24th by population. In population density it ranked 10th and by ethnic diversity it ranted 29th. Today, the projects for Wandsworth show that by the year 2018, there is projected to be 300,000 nation in Wandsworth with slightly more women than men. The area is mostly comprised of younger people (47%) between the ages of 20 and 39 with the rest of the population being older (Greater London Authority).NHS Wandsworth shows that in 2009, 290,000 people were living in the Borough. The largest age group is between 20 and 44 while other ages make up the rest of the population. The population is intended to rise in the next five years. Currently, the White race is 78% of the population with non-whites making up 22% of the population ( accepts Black, Asian and those who need themselves as other). The Bourough has a large deprivation within and between the various wards. Wandsworth is ranked 23/30 for deprivation within London percentage and 91/152 for London within PCTs naturally (NHS Wandsworth 6). 1.1 Deprivations The Wandsworth Community Empowerment Fund Project states that the unemployment rate in Wandsworth is currently 8.0%. The following chart shows the income de privation as of 2007 Although many areas in the Borough show prosperity, household income by ward is a different story. The wealthiest Bourough is Northcote with a mean income of ?51,859 and Roehampton at substantially lower at ?31,141 (sustainable Community Strategy). In terms of crime, Wandsworth has been a relatively safe place to live in 2006/07 but it has changed since then. Currently, the types of crime in this area include violence against the person, theft from motor vehicles, residential burglary and street crime (Sustainable Community Strategy). In 2007, there were 1,771 residential burglaries between April and December of that year. Burglary rock-bottom within the last three years. There were 1,442 offenses for street crimes for the corresponding period of time but street crime has also decreased. There were 3,954 offenses for crimes against the person during the same period which is approximately 14.1 offences per 1,000 residents (Sustainable Community Strategy). Educa tion is another area for deprivation. There are approximately 51,889 young people and children living in the Borough between the ages of 0 and 19 which is 18% of the population. The 2007 census stated that the majority of children living in the Borough are ethnic minorities and primarily black children, which make up 17.9% of the population. In terms of support from the government, 1,628 children and young people were accessing help and 133 children and young people were registered on the Child Protection Register. The Borough also has 74 out of 174 local anesthetic super output areas (SOAs) that are considered the worst 25% of all SOAs nationally which was only 64 in 2004. There are now 24 SOAs listed in the best 25% nationally for deprivation compared to 20 in 2004 (Sustainable Community Strategy). Healthcare in the Borough has some challenges because of the population. Because the majority of the Borough is aged 20 to 44, the younger people do not use

Lloyds Banking Group Integration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Lloyds Banking company Integration - Essay ExampleIn the first type of hybrid structure company can combine the characteristics of both the operational and divisional structures. In this type of hybrid structure, Lloyds Group can organise its important functions into self-contained units by decentralising it whereas, the functions which require economies of scales and stability can be centralised. In the second type of hybrid structure, the company can combine the characteristics of functional, divisional and horizontal structures (Daft, 2009). Most of the multinational companies have hybrid structure. This structure is peculiarly useful for the organisations where the environment is highly uncertain and organisation can be best managed through divisional structure and some functional expertise is as well as required (Zamaros). This structure can offer great flexibility to Lloyds Bank. The following table describes the cultural dimensions (Gray & Larson, 2005) which could be affe cted by changing the organisational structure of Lloyds Group from Divisional structure to Hybrid structure. ... f Lloyds Group could be improved by developing teams in the functions which involve teamwork tasks and by emphasising on individual tasks wheresoever important. Company has the flexibility to achieve a balance between individual work and teamwork. Inter-unit Relations The inter-unit relations of Lloyd Group could be improved if Lloyds Group go for divisional structure and could be reduced if Group goes for functional structure. Company has the flexibility to achieve the balance of coordination and interaction between units. Control The control of the supervisors to yield the behaviour of employees could be improved in the segments of business with functional structure. Company has the flexibility to achieve the balance of control. Social Distance Lloyds could improve its culture by reducing the social distance in the segments where company adopt divisional structure and enhance the social distance where company uses functional structure retort Criteria The reward criteria could be defined by establishing seniority based and experience based priorities in functional structure and by establishing performance based criteria in divisional structure Conflict Tolerance Achieving the control tolerance balance across two kinds of structure (functional and divisional) could bend a challenge for Lloyds Group take of Effort The Group could enhance level of efforts of employees by increasing control through centralising some processes and decentralising others, based on particular needfully Sharing Information Lloyds Group could control information sharing by using two kinds of structure External Orientation Lloyds Group could also become more flexible to respond to external orientations in a hybrid structure By adopting the hybrid structure, Lloyds Group could achieve various

Religion in Contemporary Societies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Religion in Contemporary Societies - Essay ExampleThe use of religion in such(prenominal) situation to further their anti-west sentiments had threatened the whole world. Fundamentalist elements are the product of undemocratic regimes, which nurtured and developed it for their particular interests. The modern Al-Qaeda and ISIS has been the creation of fundamentalist totalitarian authorities with the aid and support from western powers lead by United States of America. Anti-imperialist sentiments are as well part of fundamentalist uprising against the imperialists inclination to divide the region and support anarchies of their own choice after the World War I. The anarchies set at that time on the whims of their imperialist masters sowed the reservoir of Muslim fundamentalism to legitimize their totalitarian rule as Islam allows such authority under Sharia.The focus of the paper will be on fundamentalism of the organization and its relevance to their motives and political ambition s. In order to have deep understanding of the nature of organization this paper will also study their history and their religious-political development. Furthermore, the role of western sandwich imperialists and their handpicked regional players and the resulting anti-imperialist sentiments culminating in these organizations will be discussed as a subsidiary part of the research topic. The ISIS and Al-Qaeda are the two fundamentalist organization nurturing terrorism. These organizations also have political ambitions inspired by religious notions. The concept of Islamic fundamentalist contradicts with their activities that are mostly driven by economic and sectarian ambitions. The fundamentalism visualized by these two organizations is too complex hatred and atrocities on other Muslim and non-Muslim people relationship among state and religion and rivalry between the two bands in application of the same ideology.The Salafist-Jihadism is the ideology of ISIS commonly shared with all other fundamentalist organizations like Al-Qaeda and

How effective was the German U boat campaign of the First World War Essay

How effective was the German U boat campaign of the First World war - Essay ExampleHowever, as technology became more advanced, it also hindered the abilities of this sub, as countries developed more sophisticated tools of war. The zeps were unique and diverse, and belonged to different categories. These played the major character for Germany in the First World War. Their capabilities lasted up to the beginning of the Second World War. This was after Germanys enemies developed their own different ways of combating the torpedos (Sondhaus 2011). This paper focuses on the roles the grinder campaign played in the First World War, its effectiveness, and ultimate failure. During the First World War, the submarine was seen as the main weapon in the war. The Germany U-Boat was the greatest challenge to the British maritime security during this war. In September 1914, a U-Boat sank three old British cruisers. In the month of October, the aforementi adeptd(prenominal) year, a U-Boat aga in sank a state-of-the-art battleship. Subsequently, more British and French warships were sunk by the U-Boats in the following years. In May 1915, the HMS comfort was equally sunk, among others. In December of the same year, U-Boat 38 facilitated the sinking of the P&O passenger liner SS Persia. While Britain and France used warships, Germanys U-Boat campaign was a more effective scheme in the war (Williamson 2013). During the First World War, Germany and Britain used naval blockades to ensure that no ship from one country got access to the other country. Initially, the British succeeded at this, as their surface fleet could intercept Germany-bound ships. This case compel guide Germany to utilise the U-Boats. In 1915, Germany adopted an unrestricted submarine warfare strategy. Since Britain relied on foodstuffs and weapons from Canada and America, which were transported across the Atlantic Ocean, Germany thought that this strategy could make British surrender from the war. Theref ore, Germany was involved in the indiscriminate sinking of all ships, compensate those belonging to neutral states. By use of the U-Boat, Germany succeeded in sinking numerous ships, risking the fact that it could add more enemies, apart from Britain and France (Herwig 1998). In May 1015, the U-Boat U-20, led to the sinking of the passenger liner Lusitania, leading to many deaths. Of the passengers on board, were 128 Americans, and 1,170 more passengers. This outraged America, which was neutral in the war during this period. THE U-Boats conducted further sinking of ships, and this resulted in a poor relationship between Germany and America. However, Germany decided to end the unrestrictive strategy in September 1915. This had already cause havoc to the affected countries, as the U-Boat campaign was effective in this. The U-Boat campaign of Germany managed to sink 750,000 tons of enemys shipping. However, this did not devastate the economy of Britain (Sheffield 2011). When Germany r eturned their unrestricted war strategy in September 1916, more havoc was done by the U-Boats. During this period, Germany invested in more manufacturing of U-Boats at a high speed. This led the U-Boat campaign to follow through another sinking of 250,000 tons within the duration of a few weeks only. This led to the development of more tension between Germany and its rivals. Germany did not care if America, which was neutral, would be compelled to join the war (Sheffield 2011). In 1916, France and Britain defeated the Germany army. This led to Germany to conduct a few changes in

Statistics Case Study - Desalination Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Statistics - Desalination - Case Study ExampleHowever, a key hindrance to this direful objective is the cost factor. This paper presents some of the basic assumptions leading to estimation of the $ cost per/m3 of the desalinated water supply the case of study being the City of Cambria which is situated on the central coast of California. Generally this definitive question lacks basic answers due to the fact that multiple factors are believed to influence the cost incurred in desalination of water. However, versatile assumptions assist in estimation of costs in this case. Firstly, it is assumed that the desalination process takes a typical approach as described in the plat below However, the processes do not form the cost centers with regard to the project at hand. The project cost drivers are rather classified differently in order to attain the estimated production cost. It is assumed that these cost drivers remain relatively the same irrespective of the project despite variance a ssociated with other factors and hence bill to cost variations (Bauman 56). In the figure below are the cost categories assumed to affect the SWRO desalination project. It is assumed that that horizontal and slant wells which are alike(p) to open intake will be employd. Although, they have typically higher costs, they offer the longest-running history of installation as well as reliability demonstrative of(predicate) of development of a full scale desalination facility. Additionally, the costs relating to disposal of concentrate stream are site specific and as such the costs estimates provided are averages assumed to be effective (Digiano and Heime 1667). The costs also include the conveyance that links the desalination plant to the point of disposal. These are similarly highly variable as a result of the varied conveyance distance and terrain and hence constitute a large portion of the disposal costs. With regard to pre-treatment, thither is a perceived dependence on the qualit y of feed water. For instance, an open ocean feed is expected to have much more levels of suspended solids and impurities as compared to well-sourced water. Typically, costs are expected to lie in the range of between US$ 0.5MM to US$ 1.5MM per MGD (Digiano and Heime 1667). Costs are also affected with the feed water temperature, cleanliness of the source water, as well as the ambient salinity fluctuations. For instance, when the SWRO facility planned for the Northern part may treat seawater that averagely measures 10 degrees colder as compared to a SWRO facility located to the Southern part there would be a rise in feed pressure by between 10 and 15% for an equivalent production value to be attained. Throughput capacity of a facility for desalination has an effect on the size as well as the number of equipment required, in addition to the space required to locate a treatment plant. The cost of situating a facility closer to the point from where it is made use of as well as a suita ble power source needs to be weighed against intake/discharge pipeline easements, costs of transmission line, formulation materials, permits issued, labor used, as well as maintenance costs .linked to intake/discharge or distribution service location (Gumerman and Hasen 34). Based on material cost online, it is estimated that a 20-mile distribution system that delivers 50 MGD would result into an increase of between 15 to 30% of the entire cost of project capital as compared to a 2-mile pipeline (Gumerman and Hasen 35). Permitting as well as regulatory issues also impact on the cost of the project in entirety. This often

Racism against black people Essay Example for Free

Racism against black people EssaySlavery in the United States began after English colonists first settled Virginia and lasted until the Thirteenth Amendment to the U. S. report in 1865. The the Statesn colonies were established with the idea of freedom and liberty to all(a) but has change into racism. Now, racism against African Americans in America has been a huge problem in the south. Slavery in the United States began soon after English colonists first settled Virginia and lasted until the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1865. The 19th century saw a hardening of institutionalized racism and legal discrimination against citizens of African descent in the United States. Although technically able to vote, poll taxes, acts of terror (often perpetuated by groups like the KKK) and discriminatory laws kept African Americans disenfranchised, particularly in the South.During this time, segregation, racial discrimination and expressions of white suprem acy all increased, as did anti-black violence such as lynching and race riots.Racism, which had been viewed primarily as a problem in the Southern states, burst onto the national understanding following the Great Migration, the relocation of millions of African Americans from their roots in the Southern states to the industrial centers of the North after World War I. This took place particularly in cities such as Boston, Chicago and New York (Harlem). In northern cities, racial tensions exploded most violently in Chicago.The 1950s and 1960s saw the peaking of the American Civil Rights Movement with the desegregation of schools in 1954 and the organizing of widespread protests across the nation under a younger generation of leaders. Martin Luther King was a catalyst for legion(predicate) nonviolent protests in the 1960s, which led to the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.The act prohibited discrimination in public facilities, in government and in business and invalidating th e Jim Crow laws (which mandated segregation in all public facilities, with a separate but equal status for black Americans and other non-white racial groups) in the southern United States. It became illegal to force segregation of the races in schools, housing orhiring.This signified a change in the social acceptance of racism that had been written into American law and an increase in the number of opportunities available for people of color in the United States. However, African American poverty and precept inequalities continue and have deepened in the post-industrial era.

Cross Cultural Perspectives Essay Example for Free

Cross Cultural Perspectives EssayIntroductionThe world is an ever changing place. What is taboo forthwith may become a norm tomorrow. There be vast numbers of countries with various languages, religions and their cultural ethnicity. India has been referred to as a country which is a spiritedness example of unity in diversity. In todays age of capitalism and free trade, borders are soon getting irrelevant and people are migrating, more than ever before, to achieve their personal and organisational goals. It becomes all the more important to perceive cross cultural dynamics and its implications on international argumentes looking to draw out in new markets. Why understand Culture?Today we see companies looking towards new markets and industries to expand their businesses. Growth in the west is almost at its saturation peak and developed industries are looking to foray into Asian markets to promote their growth and take advantage of developing economies. There are a lot of con straints in entering new markets, businesses have to understand regional aspects and the environment which govern these markets. There are various aspects of the environment which are Political, Legal, economical and Cultural. Economic, Legal and Political environment differ in different regions and are sometimes governed by their local glossiness. Culture in worldly concerny ways influences and has a major role to define these policies. When businesses are entering new markets they can study economic limitations, political and legal environment. But Culture is a man made part of the environment(Herskovits, 1948, p.17).Geert Hofstede in 1980 explained that Culture consists of shared mental programs that control individuals response to their environment. It has been very easy to understand culture in terms of Hofstedes dimensions and compare countries based on these studies. These are Power distance, Uncertainty avoidance, Individualism-Collectivism, Femininity and Masculinity. I once came across an advertisement from HSBC, where in a polish company selling washing machines wanted to know why their sales are highest in a part of India. When their representative visits the seller he realises that the machine is used to prepare a delicacy rather than washing clothes. The punch line of the advert was if youre going to do business internationally you should bewith a bank that knows about International business During the 3rd session of Cross-Cultural Perspective we came across a task of negotiation.My secern learnings during this task were that communication style and sharing of information was vital in palmy negotiation beneficial for all. We started aggressively trying to hurtle our opinion and make the other party aware about our concern and make them sensitive to our objective. But we soon realised that the key to a successful negotiation was dealing with the other party with co-operation and being sensitive to their needs. This realisation made us reach an amicable solution towards solving the ugly orange tree case. Hence we learned that a good negotiator should possess good negotiating skills, communication, multiple solutions and too should understand the emphasis of BATNA (best alternative to a negotiated agreement).We also learned about Leaders and their qualities. There is an argument by some that leaders are born, others believe that leaders can be made. I am of the view that leaders are not born just now made. I do have certain leanings in terms of charismatic leaders and their family tree, e.g. Indira Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi and Sonia Gandhi, but to larger extent leaders can be made and groomed provided they have the necessary qualities and attributes to lead and motivate people. During my work assignment I worn-out(a) a considerable amount of time in United States of the States. I was spearheading a transition project which involved training, coaching and transitioning work from United States to India. My colleagues from A merica were straight forward and direct in their communication. The instructions and information provided by them was straight to the point and often construed by me as rude. I had a opposition with my co-worker where I asked him to put in some extra hour of work. He was quite direct in refusing and also went ahead in tell me that this is not the way Americans work. I was influenced by the work culture in India and assumed that it is alright to ask a colleague to stay back a couple of hours after work. In the US, there was a lot of emphasis on work-life balance. ConclusionNow after getting acquainted with cross-culture perspectives and various theories I have better understanding between the cultural differences ofAmerica and India. I think that using the dimensions provided by Hofstede and theories based on these dimensions we can analyse and understand culture and their dynamics. These will be helpful to organisations entering new markets and regions.

Benefits of Subtitles in English Learning

Benefits of Subtitles in face LearningCHAPTER IINTRODUCTION 1.1 BackgroundAll by dint of with(predicate) the years, in that location has been an change magnitude emphasis on instruct side of meat as an instrument for intercourse, and applied science has played a critical manoeuver in facilitating au whencetic parley. The effort of haggle teaching objectives and practices has changed from the printed word and knowledge of phrase systems to the practise and communicative value of the spoken speech communication in the everyday move ( trainderplank, 1993). In a sense, the energy of multimedia has drawn great consideration and is presumed, under the theory of adding an additional get of media to send out a message, to signifi hind endtly make better communication and apprehension (Dwyer, 1978). Multimedia engineering ( the resembling TV, computers, nedeucerks, emails motion picture cassette recorders (VCRS), compact disc ready- alone memories (CD-ROMs) and intera ctive multimedia) aids the teaching technique of integrating real-life situations with the heading wording into the spoken communication classroom. In this meticulous setting, scholarly persons slowly expand their lyric learning by being exposed to the authentic environment of the target address. t each(prenominal)y to one of the most(prenominal) owing(p) theories of arcminute lecture acquisition, Krashen (1985) proposed that learners can learn a large cargo deck rarify of quarrel unconsciously by ample comprehensible stimulus. The stimulation surmise, stated by Krashen, argues that the use of a target language in real communicative environments and the stress on rich comprehensible excitant by exposing the learners to the target language in the classroom facilitate their language acquisition. In former(a) words, language acquisition only happens when comprehensible stimulus is suitably delivered. In this respect, language teachers manage to usage a wide range of teaching techniques to make authentic situations and to promote learners language acquisition.M both exploreers fuddle presented strong evidence that multimedia (like computers, characterization, and TV) sire useful ensnares on language tuition due to rich and authentic comprehensible input (Brett, 1995 Egbert Jessup, 1996 Khalid, 2001). Results of these studies demonstrated the significance of the use of multimedia develops learners language implementation in teaching, listening scholarship and lexicon recognition. One survey say by the American Association of School Administrators tryed that 94 percent of teachers and supervisors view that technology has produced students nurture considerably. Similarly, more(prenominal) position-as-a-Second Language (ESL) teachers concur that schoolingal technology presents many possibilities for progressing students language proficiency, including their phrase, construe, listening, and speaking.Similarly, telecasti ng programs and images drop created a place in the communication of randomness and ar powerful apparatus in improving language teaching (Anderson Lorch, 1983). Both TV and videos communicate non only optic anyy through pictures precisely in any case aurally throughout the spoken word, music and sound effects. The furnish, a key role on television and videotapes, is coordinated with the talk or narration of the programs audio recording track, expanding intelligence and understanding of TV programs and videos. Lambert, Boehler and Sidoti (1981) have asserted that the constant usual movement designates that information coming through two input types (e.g., dialogue and subtitles) is more(prenominal) systematically surgical figure outed than if either dialogue or subtitles argon presented alone. This result is in agreement with the dual-coding theory by Allan Paivio (1971), sustaining the public utility of multiple-channel communication. In the same way, Hartmans (196 1a) findings support the surrounded by-channel redundancy theory which suggested that when information is redundant between two input sources (e.g., dialog and subtitles), intelligence will be surpassing than when the information is coming through one input form, (e.g., dialog). He also gave a description of redundant information as analogous information from the visual and communicatory stimuli. In this respect, Hartman completed that the benefit of the multiple-channel learning system is this information coming from two information sources is more comprehensible than that through one. Information input through contrary sensory channels supplies receivers with additional stimuli reinforcement to guarantee that more complete learning happens. More explicitly, the additional stimuli reinforcement helps out learners in systematizing and structuring the entree information.However, a argumentationing theory, the single channel theory proposed by Broadbent (1958), states that hum an can only process information throughout one channel at a time. This theory assumes that the decline of learning takes place if the information is received through two or more sources. The learning is delayed when the multiple-channel insertion of information is utilize in the teaching-learning process. Along with this messageious viewpoint between the single and the multiple-channel creation, an aw argonness of and affaire in the use of multimedia resources have been increasing, like the presentation of subtitled materials.Today, language learning has turned out to be more available by implementing multimedia with spoken information and full visual con textbook, much(prenominal) as subtitles. For instance, subtitled videos representing words and pictures in an aural and in a visual form be more app atomic round 18nt to activate twain coding systems in the reckon than words or pictures alone. The dual-coding theory proposed by Paivio (1971) suggests that when pictures are added to the meaning, the number of signals connected with the message increases. Viewers then will be more probable to keep the message in mind. Therefore, the results of the past research appear to sustain the aspect that the use of subtitles causes multi-sensory processing, interacting with audio, video and print mechanisms. These information input universes get the process of language learning better, improve the comprehension of the mental ability, and increase vocabulary by looking at the subtitled words in meaningful and stimulating circumstances. In addition, a dress circle of teachers consider subtitles shed some parvenu light on a better way of using various multimedia in the ESL classroom. When subtitled technology appeared more than 15 years ago, many educators quickly saw value in exploiting its potential in helping students process language in a different way and effectively by means of the printed word. (Goldman, 1996 Holobow, Lambert, Sayegh, 1984 Koskinen, Wilson, Gambrell, Neuman, 1993 Parks, 1994 Vanderplank, 1993).1.1.1 SubtitleSubtitles, which are incline indite subtitles on instructional English-as-second-language (ESL) videos in this larn, are the written variant of the audio constituent that permits dialogue, music, narration and sound effects to be shown at the git of the screen on most televisions. There are two kinds of subtitles explained in general terms the open subtitle and the closed subtitle. Closed subtitles refer to the subtitles that are non automatically viewable to the viewer however can be viewed by turning on through use of a remote control or an electronic subtitle decoder. By wrinkle, open subtitles are visible to all viewers without turning them on with a remote control. Subtitling is not only the main function of the TV but a positive function of video tapes. Video tapes offer subtitling by those who specialize in computer workstations. To make subtitles visible, an electronic subtitle decoder is obligatory, that is easily attached to a television set. Although it is not available in some areas of the human being, subtitling technology is broadly approachible and draws great attention in the United States. In 1990, the U. S. Congress passed the Television decoder Circuitry be active requiring that all current televisions, thirteen inches or larger, be prepared with subtitle decoder circuitry. The function of the decoder circuitry is to receive, decode, and show closed subtitles from cable, DVD signals and videotape appropriately. With author to this regulation, the consumer is no longer required to pay for a separate decoder, when in possession of an applicable TV set. Therefore, thousands of stack in the U.S. have access to subtitles without any trouble by pushing the button on the remote controls (National Subtitleing Institute, 1989). However, available access of subtitles on foreign film videos is still restricted in other countries, such(prenominal) as Taiwan an d Japan, where external subtitle decoders are necessary for viewing.Subtitleing was devised initially for the hearing impaired. The statistics on the number of decoders sold confirm that more than half were bought for the hearing impaired who assert that decoders are useful to them. Increasingly, the use of subtitles has also augmented among the non-native speakers who are motivated to improve their language learning. A study by Hofmeister, Menlove, and Thorkildsen (1992) discovered that 40 percent of people other than the hearing impaired buy the decoders, such as foreign students. To be explicit, the motive for this phenomenon is that subtitles show words in a motivating atmosphere where the audio, video and print media help viewers comprehend the unknown words and meanings in their context. However, subtitles have a great impact on comprehension improvement of specific TV programs and improve English language learning progressively.For the benefits of the multimedia approach, E SL programs began to incorporate subtitled materials into the curricula to help ESL students language learning. The cerebrate on teaching techniques and on means of optimizing students comprehension of the second language has been of great concern through this multimedia. Koskinen, Wilson, Gambrell, and Neuman (1993) stated that the subtitled video is a new and lustrous approach for improving students vocabulary, reading comprehension, and motivation. Other researches have been conducted to inspect whether subtitled TV and video improve or obstruct students learning. The results have indicated that subtitled TV and videos are helpful for the hearing impaired, ESL students and disabled students (Bean Wilson, 1989 Borras Lafayette, 1994 Ellsworth, 1992 Garza, 1991 Goldman, 1996 Goldman Goldman, 1988 Markham, 1989 Nugent, 1983 Parlato, 1985 Price, 1983 Vanderplank, 1991 Webb, Vanderplank, Parks, 1994 Wilson Koskinen, 1986).Despite a large number of studies suggesting/demonstrati ng the benefits of the use of subtitles for the deaf, language learners, and disabled students, similar studies on the use of English subtitles in English teaching are still limited in Iran. thence, there is great scope for additional examination into the potential use of subtitled television videos to enhance language teaching to English-as-Foreign-Language (EFL) students. The design of this research elaborates mainly on the language learning achievements.This study adds to the aforementioned to investigate the exposure of target language input to students through the presentation subtitled videos. This research contractes on the absence or presence of 10 English subtitled ESL instructional video episodes for a period of five weeks as a primary variable in an experiment to help determine the conditions for the improvement of Iranian college students learning English as a foreign language in Iran.1.2 Statement of the ProblemMany people in Iran have occupations when it comes to co mmunicating with foreigners in English. In addition, to get information from the Internet, having a fair amount of English knowledge is required. That makes accessing information a problem for those with limited English language proficiency. In addition, those Iranian students who wish to study abroad, language is the main problem since they have studied in Farsi for all their educational life, and thus adapting to a non-Persian environment is consequently very difficult. Students in Iran, start learning the Basic English at their secondary schools, however the curriculum structure, is based on teaching grammar rather than oral skills therefore, most students oral communication skills are limited. .Moloney (1995) states that the emergence of English in the global market has resulted in the current ardor for learning English in developing countries. The need for English in Iran is unique. English is not only a required course for Iranian students, but also required and tested as part of major entrance examinations in Iran. These mentioned issues are passing game to be considered in proposing subtitles in videos and English learning word picture solution.1.3 Objectives of the StudyThe purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of subtitled videos in enhancing university students language learning in Iran English as a foreign language (EFL). In the study, the term language learning represents two types of performances. The first is students content comprehension of a ill-tempered video episode, as evaluated by a pith Specific Tests (CST) and the second is to investigate the learners vocabulary acquisition.1.4 Significance of the StudyTeachers professional development activities always focus on those types of teaching strategies that help students improve along with their path of learning process. As the research has been designed to discover the effectiveness of presenting subtitles on the movies on vocabulary acquisition and content comprehens ion, it would be of much significance if confirmed that this strategy works. Generally speaking, it can also been resulted that the finding of this research also could be added to the proboscis of language teaching, learning and use of multimedia technology knowledge. The findings of this study can be share with the curriculum designers, EFL/ ESL teachers for the technology to be implemented in the classroom, materials developers for English teaching1.5 HypothesesThis study focuses on English language learners performance on the Content-Specific Tests (CST) of vocabulary, and content comprehension of videos with and without subtitles. The researcher tested each of the following null hypotheses as she controls the initial differences of the participants in their general English proficiency.Ho 1 There is no significant difference on the scores of the content comprehension subtest of the CST between subjects observance videos with subtitles and those ceremony videos without subtitle s.Ho 2 There is no significant difference on the scores in the content vocabulary subtest of the CST between subjects ceremonial videos with subtitles and those watching videos without subtitles. 1.6 Research Question1. Does presence of English subtitles on the videos help learners improve their vocabulary significantly?2. Does presence of English subtitles on the videos help learners improve their content comprehension significantly?3. Does presence of English subtitles on the videos help learners improve their English language proficiency significantly?1.7 Definition of the TermsThe definitions are granted here to make sure uniformity and understanding of these terms throughout the study.1.7.1 SubtitleSubtitle is the spoken words designed for the deaf and hearing-impaired people helping them read what they cannot hear. The terms subtitles and subtitles are interchangeably used in this research and are described as the translations of the spoken words to the written with the iden tical language shown at the bottom of the screen.1.7.2 Closed SubtitleA subtitle of spoken words viewed by a special decoding wile installed in the television set or a special decoder machine.1.7.3 Open SubtitleA subtitle of spoken words that always is printed at the bottom of the screen.1.7.4 Content-Specific Test (CST)An instrument designed by the researcher for this study used to measure learners overall comprehension in terms of vocabulary and content comprehension of a particular video segment. The CST entangles the two subtests vocabulary and content comprehension.1.7.5 Content VocabularyThe vocabulary that comes into sight from the particular video piece viewed by the subjects1.7.6 Content ComprehensionContent comprehension that focuses mainly on the solely story script and test viewers comprehension of the particular information shown in the video1.8 Limitation of the StudyThe researcher encountered difficulty in access to the samples of all Iranian population of EFL lear ners since the country is very huge and the numbers of English learners are so many. It was very hard to control teachers inside-class activities based on the methodologies presented to them. Non-generalizability of the findings to all English learners, especially ESL learners is another which is because the research is conducted in an EFL (Iran) context. The last but not the least limitation is the material choice since there are various types of videos. Therefore, the researcher had to restrict the video to an instructional video, connect with English since it is both with and without subtitle available as well as being suitable for the proficiency level of the participants.1.9 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDYThis study is split into five chapters. Chapter I introduces the raiseation for this research, the purpose of the study, and definitions of key terms used throughout the study to diminish potential misunderstanding.Chapter II presents a review of the literature of the use of subti tles. It starts with a theoretic review of the cognitive information processing relevant to the single channel theory and the multiple-channel theory, with focus on the cue-summation theory, the between-channel redundancy theory, the dual-coding theory and the aptitude theory. It then keeps on with a discussion of the schemata theory, the Comprehensible Input Hypothesis by Krashen and the ACT Model by Anderson. Subsequently, the relevant major research on subtitles for the hearing-impaired, disabled, frequent reading ability, and language learners is offered.Chapter III outlines the method of hypotheses scrutiny formulated in Chapter I. It also includes the research design, followed by a description of the subjects in this study, the treatment materials employed, the testing instruments, the info collection procedure, and the details of the data analysis applied.In Chapter IV, the analyses are performed to reveal the research hypotheses are explained in detail, with the quantita tive results of these analyses and an interpretation of the results.The final chapter, Chapter V, summarizes the findings of the study in light of research hypotheses and discusses the performance of the subjects and the results of the analyses shown in Chapter IV. The conclusion interprets the effect of subtitled videos on EFL students language learning in relation to their listening and reading comprehension and their vocabulary. To synthesise the conclusion of this study, pedagogical implications, the limitations of the study and further research are presented.CHAPTER II 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1 Cognitive Processing TheoriesIn many communities near the world, competence in two, or more, languages is an issue of considerable personalised, socio- ethnic, economic, and political significance. (Fred Genesee McGill University, WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT BILINGUAL EDUCTION FOR MAJORITY LANGUAGE STUDENTS). Historical documents indicate that individualistics and whole communities around the world have been compelled to learn other languages for centuries and they have done so for a variety of reasons such as language affaire, colonization, trade, education through a colonial language (e.g., Latin, Greek), intermarriage, among others (Lewis, 1977). The term learning has been considered in different ways by psychologists throughout score. Some behaviorists believe that learning is a comparatively permanent change in behavior which occurs as a result of experience or practice. In addition Iranian students consider the radical-changing world as a situation of globalization that makes them study English as their second language and also a key to main language of scholarship. Thus Iranian government obliged students to start studying courses in English from early primary school through to university over a course of about(predicate) 7 years. Despite this, reports show poor linguistic results thus there is a requirement for an in-depth analysis of the teaching methods to understand the reasons for failure.Analyzing the process of effective learning, usually this is divided into two different components, first is individual interest in a topic and the second part is situational interest (Hidi, 1990). Individual interest is say to be the degree to which the learner or the reader is interested in a certain topic, subject area, or any special activity (Prenzel, 1988 Schiefele, 1990). Situational interest is explained as an emotional state aroused by situational stimuli (Anderson, Shirey, Wilson, Fielding, 1987 Hidi, 1990). The literature shows that the individual interest of the reader learner has a positive influence on text comprehension (Anderson, Mason, Shimey, 1984 Asher, 1980 Baldwin, Peleg-Bruckner, McClintock, 1985 Belloni Jongsma, 1978 Bernstein, 1955 Entin Klare, 1985 Osako Anders, 1983 Renninger, 1988 Stevens, 1982).However these researchers defined individual interests as the relatively long-term orientation of an individual towar ds a type of object, activity, or area of knowledge. This is why arouse faunas such as movies seem to have positive effect on learning. (Schiefele, 1987). Schiefele also believes that individual interest is itself a domain-specific or topic-specific motivational characteristic of personality, peaceful of feeling-related and value-related valences. Then, individual interest is naturally generated by a text that constitutes a feeling of enjoyment or involvement. Individual interest motivates the learner to become snarly in reading the specific subject matter.Fransson (1977) indicated that students who were interested in a special topic exhibited and showed deeper processing of a related text. Using free hark back and protracted interviews, Fransson found that high-interest subjects made more connections between both different parts of the text and also between what was read and prior knowledge or personal experience. Benware and Deci (1984) and Grolnick and Ryan (1987) arrived at almost the same results, demonstrating that topic-interested We shall also call it intrinsically motivated students exhibited markedly greater purposeual comprehension of text content in contrast with non-interested and extrinsically motivated students.The process of the language learning is seen as a complicate cognitive skill. According to Neisser (1967), cognitive psychology considers that all information passes a process through which the sensory input is transformed, reduced, focused, stored, recovered and used.Gardner and Lambert (1972) are said to be pioneers in the investigation of socio-psychological aspects of second-language learning. They conducted numerous studies on the relationships of attitudes and social-context to the process of learning a second language. They proposed a distinction between these two models integrative and instrumental motivation. The former is defined as a full identification by the learner with the target-language group and readiness to be i dentified as part of it. The latter indicates interest in learning L2 only as a tool to indulge a better future through social mobility in this case the learner does not identify with the target-language speakers. However integrative motivation is much considered more likely to lead to success in second language learning than instrumental motivation. Banduras (1986) and Zimmermans (1989).In particular, some of cognitive theorists believe that information-processing theory has the concept of capacity theory within itself. They suggest that the human capacity for learning a language is not regarded as an apart and disconnected from cognitive processes. According to Beck and McKeown (1991), most research on vocabulary leaning has focused on written text, probably because vocabulary research has developed under the umbrella of reading research. Having this feature in mind that arousing interests causes effectives in learning, is supported by a number of studies which have clearly ind icated that television programs and movie videos may also be used as a motivational tool to affect teaching techniques in the field of language learning, especially in the area of vocabulary learning. For instance, rice and Woodsmall (1988) found that children learn words from their first language when watching animated films with give tongue to-over narration. Such learning can be further improved when the films are subtitled, i.e., when voice is go with by orthographic information. Schilperoord, Groot, Son (2005). Researches shows that in countries like the Netherlands, where almost 20% of all programs on Dutch public TV and commercial televisions are foreign, learners are provided with opportunities to learn foreign languages, especially since the 1980s, when the teletext was introduced. Similarly, Koolstra and Beentjes (1999) maintain that in the small language communities, a considerable number of television programs are subtitled, causing and creating the opening move of v ocabulary acquisition not only in ones first language but also in his foreign languages learning process. Actually, the use of television programs and movie videos for educational purposes is not new. What researchers are interested in is how much learners can learn from films and television programs, and what factors influence the amount and kind of learning and how much. According to Reese Davie (1987) to parcel out this concern, researchers have examined features like message structure and format characteristics to identify those which best facilitate learning. Reese Davie report studies which suggest that visual illustrations are most effective when they are accompany by the script.Looking at socio-cultural factors attitude affecting in success of learning, however the combinations of traits explain the use that the learner makes of the available learning opportunities, all of which affect L2 learning. Wong-Fillmore (1991) indicates three main factors affecting L2 learning t he need to learn the second language, speakers of the target language who provide learners access to the language cultural openness, the social setting that brings learners and target-language speakers into contact frequently enough that makes language developments possible social openness, cultural openness, interaction between learners and target-language speakers. Clement (1980) also places great emphasis on the L2 learners motivation and the cultural milieu. In Clements model, primary motivational process, is defined as the net result of two opposing forcesintegrativeness minus revere of assimilation. Integrativeness refers to the desire to become an accepted share of the target group fear of assimilation refers to the fear of becoming completely like the other culture and losing ones native language and culture. Fear of assimilation along with fear of loss of ones native language and heritage may weaken L2 learning motivation, especially in the countries like Iran where peopl e are brightly high-minded of the history and heritage. Schumann (1986) suggests a model focusing on a cultural aspect of learning that he terms acculturation, that is, integration of the social and the psychological characteristics of learners with those of target-language speakers. to a lower place this heading, he classifies the social and affective factors cluster both as a single variable. According to Schumann, there are two factors in acculturation social integration psychological openness namely, sufficient contact and receptiveness between members of target-language and L2-learner groups.There are clearly a number of common features between the above models. They all include the effect of social context attitudes (integrative or instrumental) and acculturation. A problematic social context usually affects L2 learning negatively, especially when the learners are minorities learning L2 as the language of the controlling group like it seems to have the same role with Engli sh language as a semi-dominant language of the world especially in contrast with the diaphragm east languages. However, learners cognisance of the necessity for learning the L2 affects their success positively even if it symbolizes a conflict between the minority and the majority. L2 learners apply instrumental motivation, which operates as a meta-cognitive strategy whereby they persuade themselves to engage in L2 learning even though they have no liking for the language and the culture (Abu-Rabia, 1991, 1993 Bandura, 1986 Zimmerman, 1989).Looking to the movies and TV programs as a motivational tool in learning a language, and based on a justification of the outperformance of students exposed to subtitled video theories are grounded in research either on the single channel theory or on the multiple-channel theories. Multiple-channel theories hold an overview of the cue-summation, the between-channel redundancy theory, the capacity theory and dual-coding theory. Moreover, the schem a theory, the Krashens Comprehensible Input Hypothesis and the ACT model by Anderson are also evaluated in the following part, attending to how information processes and learning happens.2.2 Schema TheoryAccording to bartlett pear (1932), a schema is defined as a store of perceived sensory information in memory. He explains that schemata are formed and culturally regulated. As the number of schemata increases, one is able to recall an ever-larger amount of information in minimum time adapting new information to an appropriate schema allows one to remember new and important ideas (Rumelhart, 1981, 1984). However consistency with an existing schema leads to understanding and inconsistency generally causes problems in the comprehension process. Schemata can impede and slow down reading comprehension and memory details that are inconsistent with ones schema are deleted, or transformed, and rationalized to fit the existing schemata in the memory. On the other hand, schemata can also pla y a facilitating role when their details are consistent with the reading content in this case cognitive processing occurs quickly without full obstacles (Anderson, 1987 Van Dijk Kintsch, 1983). Researchers usually compare reading of culturally-familiar and unfamiliar stories by students from different ethnic backgrounds. Results have shown that students comprehension of cultural stories is a function of their cultural familiarity with these stories (Abu-Rabia, 1991, 1993, 1995 Abu-Rabia Feuerverger, 1996 Adams Collins, 1977 Anderson Gipe, 1983 Anderson, Reynolds, Schallert, Goetz, 1977 Baldwin et al., 1985 stand Eisterhold, 1983 Lipson, 1983 Paul, 1959 Reynolds, Taylor, Steffensen, Anderson, Shirley, 1982 Steffensen, Joag-Dev, Anderson, 1979 Yousef, 1968 Zegarra Zinger, 1981).However, learners awareness of the necessity for learning the L2 affects their success positively even if it symbolizes (according to Abu-Rabias above) a conflict between the minority and the majorit y. Second language learners apply instrumental motivation, which operates as mentioned like a meta-cognitive strategy whereby they persuade themselves to engage in L2 learning even though they have no liking for the language and the culture (Abu-Rabia, 1991, 1993 Bandura, 1986 Zimmerman, 1989).2.3 The hotshot telephone line Learning TheoryThe single channel theory is based on the principles that the human processing system has limited capacity in the primaeval noisome system (TraveBenefits of Subtitles in English LearningBenefits of Subtitles in English LearningCHAPTER IINTRODUCTION 1.1 BackgroundAll through the years, there has been an increasing emphasis on teaching English as an instrument for communication, and technology has played a critical function in facilitating authentic communication. The movement of language teaching objectives and practices has changed from the printed word and knowledge of language systems to the use and communicative value of the spoken language in the everyday setting (Vanderplank, 1993). In a sense, the efficacy of multimedia has drawn great consideration and is presumed, under the theory of adding an additional channel of media to send out a message, to significantly improve communication and comprehension (Dwyer, 1978). Multimedia technology (like TV, computers, networks, emails video cassette recorders (VCRS), compact disc ready-only memories (CD-ROMs) and interactive multimedia) aids the teaching technique of integrating real-life situations with the target language into the language classroom. In this meticulous setting, learners slowly expand their language acquisition by being exposed to the authentic environment of the target language.According to one of the most outstanding theories of second language acquisition, Krashen (1985) proposed that learners can learn a large amount of language unconsciously through ample comprehensible input. The Input Hypothesis, stated by Krashen, argues that the use of a target lang uage in real communicative environments and the stress on rich comprehensible input by exposing the learners to the target language in the classroom facilitate their language acquisition. In other words, language acquisition only happens when comprehensible input is suitably delivered. In this respect, language teachers struggle to employ a wide range of teaching techniques to make authentic situations and to promote learners language acquisition.Many researchers have presented strong evidence that multimedia (like computers, video, and TV) have helpful effects on language learning due to rich and authentic comprehensible input (Brett, 1995 Egbert Jessup, 1996 Khalid, 2001). Results of these studies demonstrated the significance of the use of multimedia develops learners language performance in reading, listening comprehension and vocabulary recognition. One survey study by the American Association of School Administrators showed that 94 percent of teachers and supervisors believe that technology has enhanced students learning considerably. Similarly, many English-as-a-Second Language (ESL) teachers concur that educational technology presents many possibilities for progressing students language proficiency, including their vocabulary, reading, listening, and speaking.Similarly, television programs and videos have created a place in the communication of information and are powerful apparatus in improving language teaching (Anderson Lorch, 1983). Both TV and videos communicate not only visually through pictures but also aurally throughout the spoken word, music and sound effects. The subtitle, a key role on television and videotapes, is coordinated with the dialogue or narration of the programs audio track, expanding comprehension and understanding of TV programs and videos. Lambert, Boehler and Sidoti (1981) have asserted that the constant general movement indicates that information coming through two input types (e.g., dialogue and subtitles) is more systema tically processed than if either dialogue or subtitles are presented alone. This result is in agreement with the dual-coding theory by Allan Paivio (1971), sustaining the usefulness of multiple-channel communication. In the same way, Hartmans (1961a) findings support the between-channel redundancy theory which suggested that when information is redundant between two input sources (e.g., dialog and subtitles), comprehension will be superior than when the information is coming through one input form, (e.g., dialog). He also gave a description of redundant information as identical information from the visual and verbal stimuli. In this respect, Hartman completed that the benefit of the multiple-channel learning system is this information coming from two information sources is more comprehensible than that through one. Information input through different sensory channels supplies receivers with additional stimuli reinforcement to guarantee that more complete learning happens. More expli citly, the additional stimuli reinforcement helps out learners in systematizing and structuring the incoming information.However, a contrasting theory, the single channel theory proposed by Broadbent (1958), states that human can only process information throughout one channel at a time. This theory assumes that the decline of learning takes place if the information is received through two or more sources. The learning is delayed when the multiple-channel presentation of information is used in the teaching-learning process. Along with this contentious viewpoint between the single and the multiple-channel presentation, an awareness of and interest in the use of multimedia resources have been increasing, like the presentation of subtitled materials.Today, language learning has turned out to be more available by implementing multimedia with spoken information and full visual context, such as subtitles. For instance, subtitled videos representing words and pictures in an aural and in a visual form are more probable to activate both coding systems in the processing than words or pictures alone. The dual-coding theory proposed by Paivio (1971) suggests that when pictures are added to the meaning, the number of signals connected with the message increases. Viewers then will be more probable to keep the message in mind. Therefore, the results of the past research appear to sustain the aspect that the use of subtitles causes multi-sensory processing, interacting with audio, video and print mechanisms. These information input foundations get the process of language learning better, improve the comprehension of the content, and increase vocabulary by looking at the subtitled words in meaningful and stimulating circumstances. In addition, a lot of teachers consider subtitles shed some new light on a better way of using various multimedia in the ESL classroom. When subtitled technology appeared more than 15 years ago, many educators quickly saw value in exploiting its pote ntial in helping students process language in a different way and effectively by means of the printed word. (Goldman, 1996 Holobow, Lambert, Sayegh, 1984 Koskinen, Wilson, Gambrell, Neuman, 1993 Parks, 1994 Vanderplank, 1993).1.1.1 SubtitleSubtitles, which are English written subtitles on instructional English-as-second-language (ESL) videos in this study, are the written version of the audio constituent that permits dialogue, music, narration and sound effects to be shown at the bottom of the screen on most televisions. There are two kinds of subtitles explained in general terms the open subtitle and the closed subtitle. Closed subtitles refer to the subtitles that are not automatically visible to the viewer however can be viewed by turning on through use of a remote control or an electronic subtitle decoder. By contrast, open subtitles are visible to all viewers without turning them on with a remote control. Subtitling is not only the main function of the TV but a positive funct ion of video tapes. Video tapes offer subtitling by those who specialize in computer workstations. To make subtitles visible, an electronic subtitle decoder is obligatory, that is easily attached to a television set. Although it is not available in some areas of the world, subtitling technology is broadly accessible and draws great attention in the United States. In 1990, the U. S. Congress passed the Television Decoder Circuitry Act requiring that all new televisions, thirteen inches or larger, be prepared with subtitle decoder circuitry. The function of the decoder circuitry is to receive, decode, and show closed subtitles from cable, DVD signals and videotape appropriately. With reference to this regulation, the consumer is no longer required to pay for a separate decoder, when in possession of an applicable TV set. Therefore, thousands of people in the U.S. have access to subtitles without any trouble by pushing the button on the remote controls (National Subtitleing Institute, 1989). However, available access of subtitles on foreign film videos is still restricted in other countries, such as Taiwan and Japan, where external subtitle decoders are necessary for viewing.Subtitleing was devised initially for the hearing impaired. The statistics on the number of decoders sold confirm that more than half were bought for the hearing impaired who assert that decoders are helpful to them. Increasingly, the use of subtitles has also augmented among the non-native speakers who are motivated to improve their language learning. A study by Hofmeister, Menlove, and Thorkildsen (1992) discovered that 40 percent of people other than the hearing impaired buy the decoders, such as foreign students. To be explicit, the motive for this phenomenon is that subtitles show words in a motivating atmosphere where the audio, video and print media help viewers comprehend the unknown words and meanings in their context. However, subtitles have a great impact on comprehension improveme nt of specific TV programs and improve English language learning progressively.For the benefits of the multimedia approach, ESL programs began to incorporate subtitled materials into the curricula to help ESL students language learning. The focus on teaching techniques and on means of optimizing students comprehension of the second language has been of great concern through this multimedia. Koskinen, Wilson, Gambrell, and Neuman (1993) stated that the subtitled video is a new and promising approach for improving students vocabulary, reading comprehension, and motivation. Other researches have been conducted to inspect whether subtitled TV and video improve or obstruct students learning. The results have indicated that subtitled TV and videos are helpful for the hearing impaired, ESL students and disabled students (Bean Wilson, 1989 Borras Lafayette, 1994 Ellsworth, 1992 Garza, 1991 Goldman, 1996 Goldman Goldman, 1988 Markham, 1989 Nugent, 1983 Parlato, 1985 Price, 1983 Vanderplan k, 1991 Webb, Vanderplank, Parks, 1994 Wilson Koskinen, 1986).Despite a large number of studies suggesting/demonstrating the benefits of the use of subtitles for the hearing-impaired, language learners, and disabled students, similar studies on the use of English subtitles in English teaching are still limited in Iran. Thus, there is great scope for additional examination into the potential use of subtitled television videos to enhance language teaching to English-as-Foreign-Language (EFL) students. The design of this research elaborates mainly on the language learning achievements.This study adds to the aforementioned to investigate the exposure of target language input to students through the presentation subtitled videos. This research focuses on the absence or presence of 10 English subtitled ESL instructional video episodes for a period of five weeks as a primary variable in an experiment to help determine the conditions for the improvement of Iranian college students learnin g English as a foreign language in Iran.1.2 Statement of the ProblemMany people in Iran have problems when it comes to communicating with foreigners in English. In addition, to get information from the Internet, having a fair amount of English knowledge is required. That makes accessing information a problem for those with limited English language proficiency. In addition, those Iranian students who wish to study abroad, language is the main problem since they have studied in Farsi for all their educational life, and thus adapting to a non-Persian environment is consequently very difficult. Students in Iran, start learning the Basic English at their secondary schools, however the curriculum structure, is based on teaching grammar rather than oral skills therefore, most students oral communication skills are limited. .Moloney (1995) states that the emergence of English in the global market has resulted in the current ardor for learning English in developing countries. The need for En glish in Iran is unique. English is not only a required course for Iranian students, but also required and tested as part of major entrance examinations in Iran. These mentioned issues are going to be considered in proposing subtitles in videos and English learning movie solution.1.3 Objectives of the StudyThe purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of subtitled videos in enhancing university students language learning in Iran English as a foreign language (EFL). In the study, the term language learning represents two types of performances. The first is students content comprehension of a particular video episode, as evaluated by a Content Specific Tests (CST) and the second is to investigate the learners vocabulary acquisition.1.4 Significance of the StudyTeachers professional development activities always focus on those types of teaching strategies that help students improve along with their path of learning process. As the research has been designed to discover the effectiveness of presenting subtitles on the movies on vocabulary acquisition and content comprehension, it would be of much significance if confirmed that this strategy works. Generally speaking, it can also been resulted that the finding of this research also could be added to the body of language teaching, learning and use of multimedia technology knowledge. The findings of this study can be share with the curriculum designers, EFL/ ESL teachers for the technology to be implemented in the classroom, materials developers for English teaching1.5 HypothesesThis study focuses on English language learners performance on the Content-Specific Tests (CST) of vocabulary, and content comprehension of videos with and without subtitles. The researcher tested each of the following null hypotheses as she controls the initial differences of the participants in their general English proficiency.Ho 1 There is no significant difference on the scores of the content comprehension subtest of the CST between subjects watching videos with subtitles and those watching videos without subtitles.Ho 2 There is no significant difference on the scores in the content vocabulary subtest of the CST between subjects watching videos with subtitles and those watching videos without subtitles. 1.6 Research Question1. Does presence of English subtitles on the videos help learners improve their vocabulary significantly?2. Does presence of English subtitles on the videos help learners improve their content comprehension significantly?3. Does presence of English subtitles on the videos help learners improve their English language proficiency significantly?1.7 Definition of the TermsThe definitions are given here to make sure uniformity and understanding of these terms throughout the study.1.7.1 SubtitleSubtitle is the spoken words designed for the deaf and hearing-impaired people helping them read what they cannot hear. The terms subtitles and subtitles are interchangeably used in this researc h and are described as the translations of the spoken words to the written with the identical language shown at the bottom of the screen.1.7.2 Closed SubtitleA subtitle of spoken words viewed by a special decoding device installed in the television set or a special decoder machine.1.7.3 Open SubtitleA subtitle of spoken words that always is printed at the bottom of the screen.1.7.4 Content-Specific Test (CST)An instrument designed by the researcher for this study used to measure learners overall comprehension in terms of vocabulary and content comprehension of a particular video segment. The CST includes the two subtests vocabulary and content comprehension.1.7.5 Content VocabularyThe vocabulary that comes into sight from the particular video piece viewed by the subjects1.7.6 Content ComprehensionContent comprehension that focuses mainly on the whole story script and test viewers comprehension of the particular information shown in the video1.8 Limitation of the StudyThe researcher encountered difficulty in access to the samples of all Iranian population of EFL learners since the country is very huge and the numbers of English learners are so many. It was very hard to control teachers inside-class activities based on the methodologies presented to them. Non-generalizability of the findings to all English learners, especially ESL learners is another which is because the research is conducted in an EFL (Iran) context. The last but not the least limitation is the material choice since there are various types of videos. Therefore, the researcher had to restrict the video to an instructional video, connect with English since it is both with and without subtitle available as well as being suitable for the proficiency level of the participants.1.9 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDYThis study is divided into five chapters. Chapter I introduces the foundation for this research, the purpose of the study, and definitions of key terms used throughout the study to diminish potentia l misunderstanding.Chapter II presents a review of the literature of the use of subtitles. It starts with a theoretical review of the cognitive information processing relevant to the single channel theory and the multiple-channel theory, with focus on the cue-summation theory, the between-channel redundancy theory, the dual-coding theory and the capacity theory. It then keeps on with a discussion of the schemata theory, the Comprehensible Input Hypothesis by Krashen and the ACT Model by Anderson. Subsequently, the relevant major research on subtitles for the hearing-impaired, disabled, normal reading ability, and language learners is offered.Chapter III outlines the method of hypotheses testing formulated in Chapter I. It also includes the research design, followed by a description of the subjects in this study, the treatment materials employed, the testing instruments, the data collection procedure, and the details of the data analysis applied.In Chapter IV, the analyses are perfor med to reveal the research hypotheses are explained in detail, with the quantitative results of these analyses and an interpretation of the results.The final chapter, Chapter V, summarizes the findings of the study in light of research hypotheses and discusses the performance of the subjects and the results of the analyses shown in Chapter IV. The conclusion interprets the effect of subtitled videos on EFL students language learning in relation to their listening and reading comprehension and their vocabulary. To synthesize the conclusion of this study, pedagogical implications, the limitations of the study and further research are presented.CHAPTER II 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1 Cognitive Processing TheoriesIn many communities around the world, competence in two, or more, languages is an issue of considerable personal, socio-cultural, economic, and political significance. (Fred Genesee McGill University, WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT BILINGUAL EDUCTION FOR MAJORITY LANGUAGE STUDENTS). Histo rical documents indicate that individuals and whole communities around the world have been compelled to learn other languages for centuries and they have done so for a variety of reasons such as language contact, colonization, trade, education through a colonial language (e.g., Latin, Greek), intermarriage, among others (Lewis, 1977). The term learning has been considered in different ways by psychologists throughout history. Some behaviorists believe that learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior which occurs as a result of experience or practice. In addition Iranian students consider the radical-changing world as a situation of globalization that makes them study English as their second language and also a key to main language of scholarship. Thus Iranian government obliged students to start studying courses in English from early primary school through to university over a course of about 7 years. Despite this, reports show poor linguistic results thus there is a requi rement for an in-depth analysis of the teaching methods to understand the reasons for failure.Analyzing the process of effective learning, usually this is divided into two different components, first is individual interest in a topic and the second part is situational interest (Hidi, 1990). Individual interest is said to be the degree to which the learner or the reader is interested in a certain topic, subject area, or any special activity (Prenzel, 1988 Schiefele, 1990). Situational interest is explained as an emotional state aroused by situational stimuli (Anderson, Shirey, Wilson, Fielding, 1987 Hidi, 1990). The literature shows that the individual interest of the reader learner has a positive influence on text comprehension (Anderson, Mason, Shimey, 1984 Asher, 1980 Baldwin, Peleg-Bruckner, McClintock, 1985 Belloni Jongsma, 1978 Bernstein, 1955 Entin Klare, 1985 Osako Anders, 1983 Renninger, 1988 Stevens, 1982).However these researchers defined individual interests as the relatively long-term orientation of an individual towards a type of object, activity, or area of knowledge. This is why exciting tools such as movies seem to have positive effect on learning. (Schiefele, 1987). Schiefele also believes that individual interest is itself a domain-specific or topic-specific motivational characteristic of personality, composed of feeling-related and value-related valences. Then, individual interest is naturally generated by a text that constitutes a feeling of enjoyment or involvement. Individual interest motivates the learner to become involved in reading the specific subject matter.Fransson (1977) indicated that students who were interested in a special topic exhibited and showed deeper processing of a related text. Using free recall and extensive interviews, Fransson found that high-interest subjects made more connections between both different parts of the text and also between what was read and prior knowledge or personal experience. Benware and De ci (1984) and Grolnick and Ryan (1987) arrived at almost the same results, demonstrating that topic-interested We shall also call it intrinsically motivated students exhibited markedly greater conceptual comprehension of text content in contrast with non-interested and extrinsically motivated students.The process of the language learning is seen as a complicate cognitive skill. According to Neisser (1967), cognitive psychology considers that all information passes a process through which the sensory input is transformed, reduced, focused, stored, recovered and used.Gardner and Lambert (1972) are said to be pioneers in the investigation of socio-psychological aspects of second-language learning. They conducted numerous studies on the relationships of attitudes and social-context to the process of learning a second language. They proposed a distinction between these two models integrative and instrumental motivation. The former is defined as a full identification by the learner with the target-language group and readiness to be identified as part of it. The latter indicates interest in learning L2 only as a tool to procure a better future through social mobility in this case the learner does not identify with the target-language speakers. However integrative motivation is often considered more likely to lead to success in second language learning than instrumental motivation. Banduras (1986) and Zimmermans (1989).In particular, some of cognitive theorists believe that information-processing theory has the concept of capacity theory within itself. They suggest that the human capacity for learning a language is not regarded as an apart and disconnected from cognitive processes. According to Beck and McKeown (1991), most research on vocabulary leaning has focused on written text, probably because vocabulary research has developed under the umbrella of reading research. Having this fact in mind that arousing interests causes effectives in learning, is supported by a number of studies which have clearly indicated that television programs and movie videos may also be used as a motivational tool to affect teaching techniques in the field of language learning, especially in the area of vocabulary learning. For instance, Rice and Woodsmall (1988) found that children learn words from their first language when watching animated films with voice-over narration. Such learning can be further improved when the films are subtitled, i.e., when voice is accompanied by orthographic information. Schilperoord, Groot, Son (2005). Researches shows that in countries like the Netherlands, where almost 20% of all programs on Dutch public TV and commercial televisions are foreign, learners are provided with opportunities to learn foreign languages, especially since the 1980s, when the teletext was introduced. Similarly, Koolstra and Beentjes (1999) maintain that in the small language communities, a considerable number of television programs are subtitled, causing and creating the possibility of vocabulary acquisition not only in ones first language but also in his foreign languages learning process. Actually, the use of television programs and movie videos for educational purposes is not new. What researchers are interested in is how much learners can learn from films and television programs, and what factors influence the amount and kind of learning and how much. According to Reese Davie (1987) to address this concern, researchers have examined features like message structure and format characteristics to identify those which best facilitate learning. Reese Davie report studies which suggest that visual illustrations are most effective when they are accompanied by the script.Looking at socio-cultural factors attitude affecting in success of learning, however the combinations of traits explain the use that the learner makes of the available learning opportunities, all of which affect L2 learning. Wong-Fillmore (1991) indicates three main factors affecting L2 learning the need to learn the second language, speakers of the target language who provide learners access to the language cultural openness, the social setting that brings learners and target-language speakers into contact frequently enough that makes language developments possible social openness, cultural openness, interaction between learners and target-language speakers. Clement (1980) also places great emphasis on the L2 learners motivation and the cultural milieu. In Clements model, primary motivational process, is defined as the net result of two opposing forcesintegrativeness minus fear of assimilation. Integrativeness refers to the desire to become an accepted member of the target group fear of assimilation refers to the fear of becoming completely like the other culture and losing ones native language and culture. Fear of assimilation along with fear of loss of ones native language and heritage may weaken L2 learning motivation, especially in the cou ntries like Iran where people are brightly proud of the history and heritage. Schumann (1986) suggests a model focusing on a cultural aspect of learning that he terms acculturation, that is, integration of the social and the psychological characteristics of learners with those of target-language speakers. Under this heading, he classifies the social and affective factors cluster both as a single variable. According to Schumann, there are two factors in acculturation social integration psychological openness namely, sufficient contact and receptiveness between members of target-language and L2-learner groups.There are clearly a number of common features between the above models. They all include the effect of social context attitudes (integrative or instrumental) and acculturation. A problematic social context usually affects L2 learning negatively, especially when the learners are minorities learning L2 as the language of the dominant group like it seems to have the same role with English language as a semi-dominant language of the world especially in contrast with the middle east languages. However, learners awareness of the necessity for learning the L2 affects their success positively even if it symbolizes a conflict between the minority and the majority. L2 learners apply instrumental motivation, which operates as a meta-cognitive strategy whereby they persuade themselves to engage in L2 learning even though they have no liking for the language and the culture (Abu-Rabia, 1991, 1993 Bandura, 1986 Zimmerman, 1989).Looking to the movies and TV programs as a motivational tool in learning a language, and based on a justification of the outperformance of students exposed to subtitled video theories are grounded in research either on the single channel theory or on the multiple-channel theories. Multiple-channel theories hold an overview of the cue-summation, the between-channel redundancy theory, the capacity theory and dual-coding theory. Moreover, the schema theory, the Krashens Comprehensible Input Hypothesis and the ACT model by Anderson are also evaluated in the following part, attending to how information processes and learning happens.2.2 Schema TheoryAccording to Bartlett (1932), a schema is defined as a store of perceived sensory information in memory. He explains that schemata are formed and culturally regulated. As the number of schemata increases, one is able to recall an ever-larger amount of information in minimum time adapting new information to an appropriate schema allows one to remember new and important ideas (Rumelhart, 1981, 1984). However consistency with an existing schema leads to understanding and inconsistency generally causes problems in the comprehension process. Schemata can impede and slow down reading comprehension and memory details that are inconsistent with ones schema are deleted, or transformed, and rationalized to fit the existing schemata in the memory. On the other hand, schemata can also play a fac ilitating role when their details are consistent with the reading content in this case cognitive processing occurs quickly without serious obstacles (Anderson, 1987 Van Dijk Kintsch, 1983). Researchers usually compare reading of culturally-familiar and unfamiliar stories by students from different ethnic backgrounds. Results have shown that students comprehension of cultural stories is a function of their cultural familiarity with these stories (Abu-Rabia, 1991, 1993, 1995 Abu-Rabia Feuerverger, 1996 Adams Collins, 1977 Anderson Gipe, 1983 Anderson, Reynolds, Schallert, Goetz, 1977 Baldwin et al., 1985 Carrell Eisterhold, 1983 Lipson, 1983 Paul, 1959 Reynolds, Taylor, Steffensen, Anderson, Shirley, 1982 Steffensen, Joag-Dev, Anderson, 1979 Yousef, 1968 Zegarra Zinger, 1981).However, learners awareness of the necessity for learning the L2 affects their success positively even if it symbolizes (according to Abu-Rabias above) a conflict between the minority and the majority. S econd language learners apply instrumental motivation, which operates as mentioned like a meta-cognitive strategy whereby they persuade themselves to engage in L2 learning even though they have no liking for the language and the culture (Abu-Rabia, 1991, 1993 Bandura, 1986 Zimmerman, 1989).2.3 The Single Channel Learning TheoryThe single channel theory is based on the principles that the human processing system has limited capacity in the central nervous system (Trave