Wednesday, July 31, 2019
Prostate Cancer in African American Men Essay
Cancer has always been one of the most dreaded diseases of humans. This incurable disease has broken the hearts and spirits of many, and has continuously left an indelible mark in its patients’ lives. One of the cancer types associated with men is prostate cancer. The National Cancer Institute website defined prostate cancer as the type of cancer occurring in the male reproductive system, more specifically in the prostate tissues. This type of cancer is normally triggered in older men (n.d.).            In addition to this, the disease also reiterates that genetically mutated cells, known as cancer cells, are present in the prostate. The Prostate Disease website also added that tumors are formed, spreading to the different areas in the body. The spread of the said cells causes permanent damage to the normal functions to the different organs (2006).            Aside from the fact that cancer is genetically transmitted, the underlying causes of prostate cancer are still undecipherable. The profile of an individual candidate for prostate cancer is usually taken into consideration. Since males are the only ones with prostates, the women are fortunately exempted from acquiring this disease. Race is another factor affected.            The Intercultural Cancer Council website stated that Prostate Cancer affects 37% of African American men (Baylor College of Medicine, 2007). It was also stated that the percentage rate of men afflicted with prostate cancer is relatively higher in Europe and in North America, as compared to Asia, Africa, and South America. Diet is one of the most unrecognizable causes of prostate cancer. Eating of food rich in carcinogens can increase the cancer rate in the body.            According to the National Prostate Coalition website, African American males are afflicted by Prostate Cancer far more than the other types of cancer. In an estimation made by the same website, there were 4,240 prostate cancer deaths in 2007. The chances of genetically acquiring the disease are very big for African Americans. For a close relative afflicted with the disease, the individual has a one out of three chance of acquiring the cancer. For those who have two relatives afflicted with prostate cancer, the chances increase, with an 83% possibility. Worse, if there were three or more members afflicted, the possible acquisition of the disease is 97% (NPCC, 2007). Quite disappointing, but true.            The early stages of prostate cancer inhibit the patient from experiencing and seeing the symptoms. This is primarily due to the fact that these symptoms may also be caused by the presence of other diseases. Such symptoms may include frequent urination, urinary incontinence, presence of blood in the semen and in urine, erection difficulties, and agonizing ejaculation. Presence of at least two of the above mentioned should be enough basis for the patient to consult an oncologist or urologist at the soonest possible time (Marks, 2003).            Biopsy is one of the most reliable tests done in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. With the presence of a Urologist, a tissue sample is harvested from the patient using a needle. The sample is then forwarded to the Pathologist for extensive examination that could lead to the possible detection of prostate cancer. Several other tests are also performed after biopsy that act as the other opinions in proving the presence of cancer cells. Some of the tests include a CT scan, bone scan, and an MRI (Strum, Pogliano, 2005).            With the rampant upgrades in technology, several treatment methods have been available for prostate cancer. According to the website of the American Academy of Family Physicians, the tumor spread of prostate cancer plays an important role in the type of treatment used (2008). The most common treatments used were Radical Prostatectomy, Radiation Therapy, Cyrotherapy, and Active Surveillance.            One of the used surgeries is Radical Prostatectomy. This process focuses on the extraction of the prostate gland and the nearby tissues from the body. This surgery requires the patient to undergo a general anesthesia, so as to avoid the unbearable pain that can be felt during surgery. As replacement, a catheter is placed through the penis so that urination may be facilitated while the wounds are healing (Blasko, Grim, Sylvester, 2003) .            Undergoing Prostatectomy is one of the most certain treatments for prostate cancer. The removal of the prostate and its nearby tissues inhibits the spread of the cancer cells to the other parts of the body. This also gives the doctor firsthand information of the results, giving them enough evidence as to whether the cancer will spread or not.            Radiation Therapy on the other hand, does not involve any surgery. Instead, the procedure makes use of x-rays whose energy is high enough to kill cancer cells. For this specific disease, two types can be used. These are the External beam and the Internal. The External beam uses a machine that beams radiation from the outside of the body. The target of the beam is the prostate, making sure that radiation is exposed on the pelvis and in the prostate. The side effects for this treatment include diarrhea, rectal irritation, bleeding and painful urination. Sometimes, this therapy may also cause impotence.            Internal radiation therapy, as compared to the external beam, emits radiation seeds that were implanted on the prostate. These seeds are powerful enough to kill cancer cells, but may be very painful.            Cryotherapy, according to the Prostate Cancer Institute website, is one of the newest therapies discovered in the 1990’s. The treatment utilizes the freezing of the prostate gland, destroying the whole organ, including the cancer cells that may be incorporated in the process. The process requires the patient to undergo general anesthesia, and is over in about two hours. The side effects experienced by the patient are usually treated after a few weeks. These may include urinary incontinence, pains in the pelvis, and swelling in the scrotum (2006).            Active surveillance, on the other hand, is yet the most simple among all treatments. The patient does not undergo a specific treatment, and instead is in close communication with the physician. This process includes regular tests and exams that monitor the health of the patients (2006).            Having to bear the pain of prostate cancer and the thought of actually dealing with the disease is heartbreaking for anyone. The best thing to avoid such heartbreaks is to try and avoid contacting the disease. According to the WebMD website, the consumption of food rich in fiber can be very beneficial in the prevention of the disease. These include the consumption of tomatoes, vegetables, and soy products. In addition to this, researches are being conducted in finding the correct preventive measures of prostate cancer. Some of these researches include the fact that the administration of a Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) helps in the protection of men from having prostate cancer. Another is the fact that drinking red wine also helps in the prevention of prostate cancer (July 24, 2006).            Regardless of what the effects of prostate cancer are, what is important is the fact that people, cannot avoid such disease. May they be Caucasians, Asians, or even African Americans; no one is exempted from having such. We all just have to take good care of our bodies, and of our lives. References (24 July 2006). Prostate cancer health center: Prostate Cancer-Prevention. Retrieved March 20,           2008 from http://www.webmd.com/prostate-cancer/tc/prostate-cancer-prevention.            American Academy of Family Physicians. (2008). Prostate Cancer Treatment Options.   Retrieved March 20, 2008 from      http://familydoctor.org/online/famdocen/home/common/cancer/treatment/264.html Intercultural Cancer Council. (2007). African Americans & Cancer. Retrieved March 20,           2008 from http://iccnetwork.org/cancerfacts/cfs1.htm Strum, S.B., & Pogliano, D.L. (2005). A primer on prostate cancer: The empowered patient’s    guide. Life Extension Media. National Cancer Institute. (n.d.). Prostate Cancer. Retrieved March 20, 2008, from            http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/prostate Marks, Sheldon. (2003). Prostate and cancer: A family guide to diagnosis, treatment and           survival. Perseus Books Group. Grimm, P., Blasko, J., Sylvester, J. (2003). The prostate cancer treatment book. Contemporary  Books. Prostate Disease. (2006). Prostate Cancer. Retrieved March 20, 2008 from            http://www.prostatedisease.org/prostate_cancer/default.aspx Prostate Disease. (2006). Prostate Cancer- Causes and Risk Factors. Retrieved March 20,         2008 from http://www.prostatedisease.org/prostate_cancer/risk_factors.aspx Prostate Cancer Institute. (2006). Cryotherapy for Prostate Cancer. Retrieved March 20, 2008  from   http://www.prostate-cancer-institute.org/prostate-cancer–   treatment/cryosurgery.html
Tuesday, July 30, 2019
Discussing Music Therapy Reducing Stress Health And Social Care Essay
The treatment brings the right study to cloture. Discussion subdivision makes sense of research consequences. This is the most of import subdivision of any research study working adult females emphasis has emerged as important mental wellness job in working country in now. The chief purpose of the survey was to measure the effectivity of music therapy in decrease of emphasis among working adult females at P.S.G institute of wellness scientific disciplines, coimbatore in the month of July. Each person ‘s base line informations was collected and they were assessed for selected parametric quantities under the subheading of physical emphasis, psychological emphasis, fiscal emphasis, sociological emphasis, religious emphasis. After the initial appraisal, music therapy was given a period of 3 hebdomads. Then reappraisal was done. 5.1 General Profile of Working Womans: Age of working adult females varied between 20 to 60 old ages. There were 44 adult females, among whom bulk ( 16 ) of the adult females were in age group of 25 to 30 old ages. Six ( 6 ) were in the age group of 20 to 25 old ages. Thirteen ( 13 ) were in the age group o 30 to 35 old ages, six ( 6 ) were in the age group of 40 to 45 old ages and merely one in the age group of 50 to 60years.The above determination was supported by a survey conducted to measure the relationship between the emphasis and wellness indexs in urban population in Japan. They found that topic who showed that a high sum emphasis mark was largest in the age group of 30 to 39 old ages for adult females ( Nakagawa y, 1998 ) . 5.2 Occupational History of Working Womans: In the present survey bulk ( 33 ) of adult females were making instruction, one ( 1 ) was making administrative work, two ( 2 ) were making lab work, five ( 5 ) were hearer, three ( 3 ) were clerical workers. A survey reported that three groups of adult females like clerical worker, director, individual parent ( chiefly divorced ) have been through empirical observation identified as being at comparatively high hazard for emphasis ( kushnirt,1993 ) . 5.3 History of wellness Problem of Working Womans: In the present survey one ( 3 ) adult females had hurting in lower appendages, two ( 2 ) adult females had stomachic ulcer, one ( 1 ) adult females had Diabetess and high blood pressure, one ( 1 ) adult females had thyroid related job, one ( 1 ) had high blood pressure. Majority ( 36 ) of adult females did non hold any wellness jobs. A survey was conducted on multiple functions and wellness among Korean adult females.The consequence showed that holding multiple functions with working adult females was non associated with better wellness and psychological well-being. Compared to those with traditional function, employed adult females more often experienced sensed emphasis, with matrimonial and/or parental functions. ( Cho, S, J. , 2008 ) 5.4 Recreational Activities of Working Womans: About more than half of ( 23 ) adult females had no leisure clip activities and eight ( 8 ) adult females had a leisure clip activity of watching Television. Four ( 4 ) adult females had a leisure clip activity of Listening to music, three ( 3 ) adult females used to play during the leisure clip, one ( 1 ) adult female used to playing with the childs, one ( 1 ) adult female exhausted clip in walking, two ( 2 ) adult females used to read books and listen to music ; one ( 1 ) adult female had leisure clip activities of watching Television, read books, playing with childs and one ( 1 ) adult female had leisure clip activities of watching Television, orienting, cleansing and horticulture ( Table 4.4 ) .A survey has been conducted to find the occupation emphasis among primary school instructors in South- West, Nigeria. They found that bulk of the instructors had concern as symptom of hapless wellness and bulk of them engaged in watching Telev ision as a scheme for get bying with emphasis. ( Lanre Olaitan, O, 2009 ) 5.5 Assessment of Level and Type of Stress among Working Womans: In pretest out of 44working adult females 6 had mild degree of emphasis, 29 had moderate degree of emphasis and 9 of them had terrible degree of emphasis. A survey reported that among 206 adult females, 36 % admitted agony really terrible, terrible or reasonably terrible emphasis at work. At place or in the household 16 % were affected. Anxiety about employment was expressed by 12 % , fiscal concerns by 5 % , and concern for wellness by 5 % ( Biener, K. , 1981 ) . In relation to physical emphasis, among 44 working adult females 9 had mild degree of emphasis, 26 had moderate degree of emphasis, 9 had terrible degree of emphasis. Similarly psychological emphasis, five ( 5 ) had mild degree of emphasis and 30 one ( 31 ) had moderate degree of emphasis and eight ( 8 ) were identified as holding terrible degree of psychological emphasis. Five ( 5 ) of adult females had mild degree of emphasis, 30 six ( 36 ) had moderate degree of emphasis and three ( 3 ) had terrible degree of fiscal emphasis. Similarly seven ( 7 ) had mild degree of emphasis, 30 ( 30 ) had moderate degree of emphasis, seven ( 7 ) had terrible degree of sociological emphasis. Nine ( 9 ) of adult females had mild degree of emphasis, 20 six ( 26 ) had moderate degree of emphasis, nine ( 9 ) had terrible degree of religious emphasis. When a individual is stressed, their organic structure becomes physically different due to the reaction to the stressors. They may be dying and problem c oncentrating along with a alteration in outward behaviour. If dying, an person may see apprehensiveness, apprehension or uneasiness similar to fear but based on an ill-defined menace. This person may experience tense, uneasy, discerning, disquieted and vulnerable ( Dennis Coon, 2007 ) .5.6 Comparison of Level of Stress among Working Women before and After Implementation of Music Therapy:Working adult females ‘s emphasis degree was reduced from terrible to chair and chair to mild. In the posttest, average value of mild emphasis is 66.33, compared to intend value of mild emphasis which is 62.66 in pretest. Similarly in the station trial, average value of moderate emphasis is73.44, compared to intend value of moderate emphasis which is 89.86 in pretest. Similarly in the station trial, average value of sever emphasis is 83.88, compared to intend value of sever emphasis which is120 in pretest after execution of music therapy. 5.7 Influence of Music Therapy on Stress Level among Working Womans: System theoretical account was adopted to implement the music therapy in decrease of emphasis among working adult females. After the music therapy working adult females stress degree was reduced to severe to chair and chair to mild. There was a important decrease in the emphasis degree when compared to emphasize degree before the therapy. The average value of mild emphasis was 62.33 in out put as compared to 62.66 in input and average value of moderate emphasis was 73.45 in out put as compared to 89.86 in input. Similarly the average value of terrible emphasis was 83.88 in out put as compared to 120 in input, Therapy as throughput helped the working adult females to cut down the emphasis degree ( figure 5.1 ) . 5.8 Assessment of Relaxation Level among Working Womans: All 40 ( 44 ) working adult females had moderate degree of relaxation after the music therapy.
Monday, July 29, 2019
Make a research on a geography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
Make a research on a geography - Essay Example McDonald’s dates its origin to the opening of a franchised restaurant by Ray Kroc, in Des Plaines, Illinois in the year 1955, the ninth McDonalds restaurant overall. Ray Kroc in the later years purchased the McDonald brothers equity in the company and launched its worldwide expansion. In fact the company became so popular that with the successful expansion into the international markets it was called as the symbol of globalization. However, in the recent years it was also debated that the company was responsible for spreading unhealthy eating habits and has increased the incidence of obesity and other health problems. Besides, its prominence has also made it a common subject of public debates about corporate ethics and consumer responsibility. McDonalds restaurants are found in about 100-120 countries and territories around the world. In general, it is estimated that it serve nearly 54 million customers each day. McDonalds has become symbolic of globalization and since it is directly identified with United States culture and lifestyle, its expansion into the international market has been pointed out by critics as a part of Americanization and American cultural imperialism. Anti-globalization is a common term used to describe the political stance of people and groups who oppose the aspects of globalization and McDonalds remains a target of anti-globalization protesters worldwide (Wikipedia, 2007). Additionally, film’s such as â€Å"Super Size Me†that explores the horror of school lunch programs, declining health and physical education classes, food addictions were also blaming fast food restaurants like McDonald’s. Even will all these resistance and reparations in the world around, the company has improved and grown with more than 31,800 flagship restaurants serving burgers and fries in different countries and today McDonalds is more than a household name. It is estimated that about 30% of its locations are company-owned
Sunday, July 28, 2019
International Business Environment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words
International Business Environment - Assignment Example The author of the research essay "International Business Environment " analyses cheap asian economies and concludes that in a nutshell, the company can plan to expand its business on the Indian soil, as the opportunities are way stronger than the challenges there. Since India being a thick populated country with a growing economy currently, there is enough room for foreign companies to invest and bring business in India. However, the competitive automotive market in the country would ask the company to modify its cost and quality standards, as the automobile need description of the Indian market varies largely from the UK market. Considering facts of Indian market growth and the risk to opportunity ratio in the country, it can be recommended that the company should move ahead with the plan of going international by selecting the Indian soil. Cheap labor, low government taxes and a flourishing market for automotive in India makes it the best site to ensure speedy growth in revenue and reputation. The advanced and hi-tech machinery can be altered with less superior technology that can meet the quality and cost effective need of the country. Moreover, the company can first introduce its older models in the Indian industry to test and visualize the response of the people. By this technique, the company would be able to forecast its future in its industry without spending more in its inventory and designing procedures. Therefore, the step to move towards Indian automotive industry is affirmative.
Saturday, July 27, 2019
Gods True Prayer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words
Gods True Prayer - Essay Example The prayer also indicates that for this relationship with Jesus to work, the Believers necessarily ought to continue to accept the truth of the message by heart and follow or imitate Christ’s righteousness sincerely. This is a way of truly knowing who belong to the Father and deserve to be with Him in the eternal life after death by the time Judgment comes. 2. What does this prayer tell us about the Believers relationship to the world? Based on this prayer, the Believers do not actually belong to the world forever. Besides being in the world temporarily to come to discover God-endowed human potentials and to appreciate His creation, the world serves as a ground where men are exposed to the physical matter, as opposed to the spiritual so that they may eventually be able to distinguish the divine nature from the human nature and the wonders of faith or forming convictions without having to see in reality Whom one has developed faith with. So in other words, the Earth becomes a p lace of huge significance as it puts each Believer’s faith to test through worldly temptations then filters who among those who initially follow Christ would be his disciple until the end. The world is a representation of what humans are prior to knowledge of God by faith. It signifies weakness of human nature or that which usually cuts the fellowship of Believers in God’s community. If one is ‘of the world’ and could not leave his material possessions behind in exchange of entering God’s kingdom, it is then impossible to be with God since His nature is divine or spiritual and is not in any way made of anything out of the world. 3. What does this prayer tell us about the Believers relationship to the Father? As he utters ‘I have made you known to them, and will continue to make you known in order that the love you have for me may be in them and that I myself may be in them’ (John 17:26), Jesus similarly desires for the Bible readers to understand that the Believers belong to the Father as His children. Thus, he is given the essential mission of making Him known to the world so that the world may know that He is the Father in return. God expresses His unconditional love toward the Believers, being their Creator and Father who possesses immeasurable abundance in power, mercy, grace, and wisdom which He has constantly imparted mankind to this point due to His unfailing love despite man’s shortfall. Through ‘The High Priestly Prayer of Christ’, Jesus addresses the essence of establishing a relationship with God through Christ that goes beyond mere church traditions. The substance of the prayer calls for righteousness other than fulfilling religious obligations or that to a deeper extent, the Believers are anticipated to genuinely love God back for it is His desire as well for the world to comprehend that He is not a distant being or entity who only punishes the ‘evil’ and rewards the à ¢â‚¬Ëœgood’. Rather, due to the full measure of His love, He does not keep records of wrongs regardless of the number of times sins are committed thus, with an overflowing grace and compassion, He is the Father who is ready to forgive or redeem an unrighteous
Friday, July 26, 2019
MANY TIMES NOVELS,MOVIES HAVE LIFE CHANGING EFFECTS ON THEIR Movie Review
MANY TIMES NOVELS,MOVIES HAVE LIFE CHANGING EFFECTS ON THEIR AUDIENCE.EXPLAIN HOW A SPECIFIC OR NOVEL HAS HAD A POSTIVE EFFECT ON YOUR LIFE - Movie Review Example Upon being released to video, and then later DVD, many stores refused to carry it for sale or rent, including Blockbuster and Walmart. It has been my experience that most people who hold an opinion of this movie hold an opinion based upon the controversy it generated rather than the content of the film itself. Since this seems a less than progressive way to form an opinion, I decided to watch it and form an opinion based on what the movie seems to be about to me. The Last Temptation of Christ has had a lasting effect upon my life not only for its content, but as a method of showing that misinformed public opinion can have a lasting and damaging effect upon works of art that extend into time and form. The protest against the film centers around the supposedly blasphemous qualities it contains, including Jesus marrying and having children. Indeed, the film does feature a section in which Jesus marries and has children. But far from being blasphemous, these scenes highlight Jesus' sacred qualities because they take place within a vision-His last temptation on the cross. The point of the movie is that Jesus denies the temptation and accepts his mission as messiah. In other words, Jesus is heroic! Far from being blasphemous, the film is actually quite conservative in its adherence to religious dogma.
Topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words
Topic - Essay Example Thereby, as per Epicurus, every individual is free to lead the kind of life one wants to lead and to choose the values that one respects and considers sacrosanct and worthy. Hence, it is quiet not possible to understand the dogmas of Epicureanism, without paying heed to the importance that Epicurus endows on free will and the human capacity to engage in rational decision making. Consequently, the restraint suggested by Epicurus in the sphere of simple living and parsimony needs to be understood in the light of these innate human capacities. As per Epicurus there is a limit to simple living and any individual indulging in the extremes of simple living is as likely of being erroneous as the one who engages in prolific extravagance. As per Epicurus, every person tends to seek pleasure in life. To put it in simple words, each and every individual tends to aspire for a life that is endowed with a measure of gratification and happiness. The values like honesty, prudence and justice cease t o hold a pragmatic and viable meaning in case an individual’s life is totally devoid of pleasure. ... Epicurus suggests that while opting for a viable choice in the matters or simplicity and for that matter any other value, one needs to ascertain the amount of pleasure and pain it would lead to and thereby should decide matters while weighing the one against the other. As per Epicurus, â€Å"Necessity is a bad thing, but there is no necessity to live with necessity (36).†Thereby, if one tends to translate the Epicurean philosophy in the matters of simple living, it amply gets clear that Epicurus vehemently stands against any such idea of simple living that not only augments the content of pain in life, but also deprives one of the minimal necessities required to lead a fruitful and happy life. Extremes of simple living expose life to a situation of dearth and necessity that eventually gives way to pain and hurt. Epicurus warns the human intellect against ascribing to this idea of leading a simple life that unnecessarily augments pain and necessity and consequently dilutes ple asure or happiness. As per Epicurus, â€Å"Life is ruined by delay and each and every one of us dies without enjoying leisure (36).†Thereby, it gets quiet evident that Epicurus is totally repugnant of the idea of adhering to extremes, whether it be living an extremely simple life that is ascetic in its approach and deprives the human experience of all pleasure, or adhering to a life of profligacy and extravagance, which force the human consciousness to make comprises in the quest for extreme pleasure, and thereby eventually getting mired in the bog of pain and dearth. Thereby, the Epicurean approach towards the matter of living a simple life is one of moderation and balance, which on the
Thursday, July 25, 2019
Potential liability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words
Potential liability - Essay Example Since it was its interest being served at the time of the accident, Mr. Cheatum can claim that it is liable being an employer of its Agentm, Dawn. As to Dawn, she can claim that she was not negligent in her driving. That it was Mr. Cheatum who was at fault. She can claim that she was driving in the prescribed speed limit and was on the right lane and that the accident was due in fact to the negligent act of Mr. Cheatum. As to Fast As We Can Deliver, it can claim that it has exercised diligent in hiring and supervising its employee, Dawn. That the strict liability clause, or the respondeat superior or the vicarious liability clause will not apply to him since at the time of the accident, Dawn has already finished her shift. Hence, she was not at work when the accident happened. As to DNA lab, it should not be held liable since there was no employer-employee relationship between them because Dawn was not an employee of the lab but an employee of FAST. The vicarious liability will not apply to them. "Auto Accident Injury Due to Vicarious Liability". (n.d.) Retrieved from website: http://www.caraccidentattorneys.com/resources/auto-accident/fault-in-car-accidents/vicarious-liability-owner-driver.htm. Accessed on June 14,
Wednesday, July 24, 2019
Early Childhood Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words
Early Childhood Studies - Essay Example However, research has shown that this does not have immediate effect on speech development in children hence they are not necessary though they are helpful. From the above argument, it has been suggested that language acquisition by children is promoted through speaking to children in special way. Mothers often speak in a slow way such that they carefully articulate basic vocabulary which is easier to understand by the children. Grady (2005) calls this motherese where the mother speaks in a slow way so the child can grasp the meaning of speech or the words uttered. To a greater extent, it can be noted that this aspect of speech development is very important given that it is commonly believed that the child adopts a language from the mother. This is the reason why the child’s first language is called the mother tongue in different social dispositions. Though this aspect of motherese is not necessary in speech development, it has been observed that it significantly contributes t o the development of speech in young children. In some cultures, adults do not simplify their language when they are talking to the children but these children still learn their language perfectly. There is a misconception among people that children require special instructions for them to learn a language. According to the author of the given article, children can still learn a language without special help from the parent but there is one external condition that has to exist in as far as language acquisition is concerned. The author argues that children need to hear sentences they can actually understand before they know a lot about the language they are... This paper approves that it can be argued that language is acquired given that in some instances, it may not be possible to create a formal learning environment for infants whose minds are still very young to be reasonable enough to learn a language at a faster rate. It is pretty difficult for a child to be taught to create a meaningful sentence at a tender age as this can be confusing. Children often construct meaningful sentences without using the same words from their parents which brings us to the conclusion that language acquisition is not an art of imitation. This report makes a conclusion that it can be observed that there are different misconceptions with regards to language acquisition and learning in children. Some scholars believe that language is acquired naturally while others believe that it is learnt from the people around. However, a closer analysis of different concepts proposed by different scholars show that there is no agreed way about how children learn a language. It can also be said that the external environment has a bearing on the way children learn or acquire their first language. The culture of a particular group has a strong influence on the way at which a child acquires a language. Normally, the behaviour of people is shaped by their cultural values as well as their language. It is also easier for the children to learn to construct meaningful sentences through the guidance of someone but this does not necessarily mean to say that they have to undergo a formal learning programme as this can be done subconsciously. Yo ung children are capable of learning from the social environment around them.
Tuesday, July 23, 2019
The performance appraisal methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
The performance appraisal methods - Essay Example Some might think that this is just a tool to reward the employees and hence they would not care much about the performance appraisal methods that are in place within an organization. Others might just not think about these performance appraisal methods which essentially kills the idea of having these performance appraisal methods in the first place. What is needed however is a collective vision to respect the performance appraisal methods so that there is immense importance tied up with them and the end results are exactly similar to what were expected out of these performance appraisal methods in the first place. If turnovers are managed properly within the organizations, this would mean that the employees are being handled in a fair enough way. This would also implicate for their understanding that the organization is serious about keeping a balance between the two – the hiring regimes and the firing mechanisms that are in place. This is an imperative understanding becaus e how long the employees would want to stay is directly proportional to how long the organization would like to keep them within their folds. Also the fact that they have been looked after well, given the resources that are required at their ends, allocated work tasks in accordance with their skill set and the like are some of the most salient factors behind managing the turnover in an appropriate capacity (Looise, 2011). These ensure that the company is taken in a nice stead around the industry and people respect it across the board.
Monday, July 22, 2019
Understanding Three Psalms of the Old Testament Essay Example for Free
Understanding Three Psalms of the Old Testament Essay Psalm 78 and Psalm 89 are both referred to as â€Å"maskils. †According to Gordon Churchyard (2004), a maskil may be the name given to verses that teach their readers something of value. The Book of Psalms published by the International Bible Society in the United States, however, explains the word â€Å"maskil†as a literary or musical term (Psalm 78, 1984). The fact remains, though, that every psalm of the Old Testament is unique as a teaching tool of religion. Although neither Psalm 78 nor Psalm 89 have been written by David, and Bible commentators guess that Psalm 132 might have been written by Solomon, the regal heir of King David, all three psalms have an extraordinary message to convey to the believer who may be reminded of the duties of man toward God, and the latter’s promises made to man, through these psalms (Churchyard). Psalm 78 is said to have been written 720 years before the holy birth of Jesus Christ (Churchyard). This maskil of Asaph is a story about the Children of Israel from their experience of slavery under the mighty pharaoh of Egypt until their time under King David, the opposite of the pharaoh in God’s perspective. This psalm is a reminder to the Children of Israel that the God who saved them from the clutches of slavery is ever prepared to rescue them from all troubles, provided that their hearts are loyal to Him, and their spirits are faithful to Him. In the beginning of the psalm, Asaph relates that this reminder is most important for the future generations of Israel, who are expected to be more loyal and faithful to God than were their forefathers. As a matter of fact, their forefathers had proved to be quite disobedient to God. Despite the fact that He showed them miracle after miracle especially at the time of Moses, who was the chosen one of God to lead the Children of Israel out of the clutches of slavery, the Children of Israel expressed doubts in their beliefs about the faithful love of God. Whereas He continued to UNDERSTANDING THREE PSALMS OF THE OLD TESTAMENT Page # 2 shower His blessings upon them, they refused to believe in Him with the absolute faithfulness that should have appeared to them as a necessity given the extraordinary miracles they were being made to witness (Psalm 78). The Children of Israel kept on doubting the love and faithfulness of God even though He had, among other things, punished their enemies by turning their water into blood, and had helped out the Children of Israel in the desert by letting springs flow out of a rock. â€Å"In spite of all this, they kept on sinning;†reads the psalm, â€Å"in spite of His wonders, they did not believe. †The psalm reminds the reader that the consequences of unbelief could be fatal: â€Å"So He ended their days in futility/ and their years in terror. †The Children of Israel had also turned to idol worship despite the physical evidence of God’s care for them. So, God took revenge because He is a jealous God (Psalm 78). Psalm 78 also reminds the reader of the mercy of God when it reads: â€Å"Time after time He restrained His anger/ and did not stir up His full wrath. / He remembered that they were but flesh/ a passing breeze that does not return. †Even though God could have eradicated everybody who showed unfaithfulness to Him, He decided not to do so, seeing as the Children of Israel were not a threat to Him. Moreover, it can be understood from the psalm that God wanted the future generations of Israel to benefit from the teachings and miracles of the earlier generations. Thus, He replaced the pharaoh’s leadership over Israel with David’s godly leadership, once again, as a mercy to Israel. Psalm 78, therefore, ends on a hopeful note: â€Å"And David shepherded them with integrity of heart/ with skillful hands he led them†(Psalm 78). UNDERSTANDING THREE PSALMS OF THE OLD TESTAMENT Page # 3 Psalm 89 also brings King David to mind when the writer of the maskil reminds God of the covenant He had made with His servant, David. Bible commentators believe that this maskil was composed by three different people in three separate periods of time (Churchyard). All the same, the psalm serves as a teaching instrument of religion explaining that it is not God who breaks His promises, but man who refuses to keep His commands time after time (Psalm 89, 1984). God had promised David that He would take special care of His servant as well as his descendants who kept the law of the Lord. Thus, the psalm glorifies God for His covenant, and expresses that the only fortunate people are those that know how to glorify God. Besides, the heavens and everything on earth glorifies the Lord, and the angels too are busy praising Him. Everything is obedient to God. It is only man that has been given the right to oppose God’s law and commandments. Hence, one of the descendants of David, the â€Å"anointed one,†is being ridiculed by his enemies apparently because he has violated the decrees of God. Although the psalm does not provide any information about why the â€Å"anointed one†is being punished, it can be inferred that God is not quickly coming to his rescue because the man has disobeyed the Lord. After all, God had spoken about David: â€Å"If his sons forsake my law/ and do not follow my statutes,/ if they violate my decrees/ and fail to keep my commands,/ I will punish their sin with the rod,/ their iniquity with flogging†¦. (Psalm 89)†God remains faithful to His promise. He would not punish a descendent of David without a genuine reason. God is fair, which is the reason why the psalmist appeals to God toward the end of the maskil with a desperation that may only be reduced or eliminated by the loving mercy of UNDERSTANDING THREE PSALMS OF THE OLD TESTAMENT Page # 4 the Lord. Before praising God and ending the psalm with His praise, the psalmist once again reminds God about the faithfulness He showed toward His servant, David. He also refers to God’s â€Å"great former love†for David. Still, it is expected that God would not go against His promise made to David, which included punishment for his descendants that disobeyed the Lord. The psalmist insists, however, on being forgiven once and for all because he finds that God’s punishments are truly unbearable: â€Å"How long, O Lord? Will you hide yourself forever? / How long will your wrath burn like fire? / Remember how fleeting is my life. / For what futility you have created all men! †The psalmist continues to remind God about his condition despite the fact that God is all-knowing at all times: â€Å"Remember, Lord, how your servant has been mocked,/ how I bear in my heart the taunts of all the nations,/ the taunts with which your enemies have mocked, O Lord,/ with which they have mocked every step of your anointed one†(Psalm 89). Psalm 89 ends with praise of God, informing the reader that the â€Å"anointed one†with his complaints and desperate pleas nevertheless understands that God must be praised despite the pain that the â€Å"anointed one†is suffering from. In other words, God punishes for a wise reason, and even if man does not fully understand his flaws it is important for him to praise God before He answers the prayers of the suffering man. God cannot be blamed for suffering. Rather, man must learn to glorify Him despite the suffering, and thereby open the channel of communication with God who is expected to sooner or later deliver the believer from suffering (Psalm 89). This is, indeed, the most important teaching of this psalm. Psalm 132 also acts as a reminder of the covenant that God made with His servant, David: â€Å"One of your own descendants/ I will place on your throne / if your sons keep my covenant/ UNDERSTANDING THREE PSALMS OF THE OLD TESTAMENT Page # 5 and the statutes I will teach them,/ then their sons will sit/ on your throne for ever and ever. †Another point of similarity between Psalm 89 and Psalm 132 is that both act as pleas for God’s mercy for the sake of David. Thus, Psalm 132 reads: â€Å"For the sake of David your servant,/ do not reject your anointed one. †Yet, this psalm does not offer any complaints or desperate pleas unto God. Rather, this is the â€Å"song of ascents†or the â€Å"song of climbing†that mostly serves to remind the reader of the special importance of Zion and of Israel as a whole in God’s plan (Psalm 132, 1984; Churchyard). The song of ascents discusses the temple of God that David had been planning to build, but which was only completed in Solomon’s time. More than four hundred years after Solomon, Ezra and Nehemiah rebuilt the temple of God, which is why Bible commentators believe that this psalm may have been written by Nehemiah or Ezra if not by Solomon (Churchyard). In any case, the psalm identifies Zion as the dwelling place of the God of Israel, a place of ultimate bliss on earth where abundance would replace poverty and the enemies of God would be crushed â€Å"with shame†. The psalmist agrees that the temple of God and Zion are the places where God must be sincerely worshipped. He invites God to His own dwelling place. Moreover, he prays for the sincere ones of God, His priests and His saints, who would all worship the Lord together in His dwelling place (Psalm 132). Although Psalm 132 does not make a complaint, the fact that it starts out with the remembrance of David, â€Å"O Lord, remember David/ and all the hardships he endured,†allows the reader to infer that David is acting as a spiritual intercessor of his people just as the Messiah is for the Christians. The song of ascents is essentially a song of worship, a reminder to God that UNDERSTANDING THREE PSALMS OF THE OLD TESTAMENT Page # 6 His people remember how to praise and worship Him. Furthermore, His people would like Him to answer their needs with the mention of one of His favorite chosen ones, David (Psalm 132). Thus, all three psalms serve their unique purposes: Psalm 78 as a reminder about the importance of faithfulness and obedience to God; Psalm 89 as a desperate plea made to God with His praise; and Psalm 132 as a reminder to God that His people remember how to worship Him, and still seek His special mercy that was previously shown to David. References Churchyard, Gordon. (2004). â€Å"Free Bible Commentary on Psalm 78, Psalm 89, Psalm 132 in Simple English. †Easy English. Available at http://www. easyenglish. info/. (22 April 2007). 2. â€Å"Psalm 78. †(1984). The Book of Psalms. Colorado Springs, CO: International Bible Society, p. 70-73. 3. â€Å"Psalm 89. †(1984). The Book of Psalms. Colorado Springs, CO: International Bible Society, p. 81-83. 4. â€Å"Psalm 132. †(1984). The Book of Psalms. Colorado Springs, CO: International Bible Society, p. 123-124.
Is Globalization A Cause For Climate Change Environmental Sciences Essay
Is Globalization A Cause For Climate Change Environmental Sciences Essay Our world is shrinking gradually from last couple of centuries due to globalization which is defined, as per my understanding, as a type of relationship or rapport build amongst the different countries due to exchange of goods and other technologies. Both developing and the developed countries have been satisfying their needs in terms of globalization. But this increasing pattern of globalization has also put forth consequent effects on our ecosystem. Countries become more industrialized and increased the production of their goods in order to overcome to demand. These industries in turn emitted various green house gases, which acted as a major contributor in the climate change. It is been assumed that this change in climate is due to human activities, hence alerted everyone and made it a global issue. The even composition of the atmosphere is altering due to the emission of tones of GHG (green house gases) through various activities like production, transportation, agriculture and consumer practices. Our atmosphere is gradually warming due to the accumulation of these gases. The impact of this climatic change can cause increase in drought conditions, floods are taking place frequently, also rising sea-levels and extreme temperatures are experienced. Globalization and environment are intriguely interconnected. Apart from the consequent effect of globalization onto the climate, it also has some positive impact. In order to develop the awareness of this global treat, industrialized countries should limit their GHG emission level. Governments, industries and individuals in industries nations have collectively begun continual steps of actions to reduce the emission of green house gases. But still it has to be quantified that this dramatic change in climate and increase in the rate of global warming is due to globalization that is transportation of goods around the world and the trade agreement such as Multilateral Agreement on Investment has restricted the capacity of countries to widen the environmental regulations. STANDPOINT PROPOSITION: In my opinion, all the countries are linking with each other for the further exploitation of the resources and that is what I think makes this globalization to acquire its standing at the very first place. Resources are limited and are restricted to country specific, for an instance Asian countries are rich in human resources where as countries like South Africa, Australia, New Zealand are rich in mineral resources. So as a whole, countries do complement each other globally. As mentioned above that there is limited resources so it would be wise to use these resources intelligently within the balance of the nature and environment, as over exploitation of resources may cause to extinction of the resources for further use, which can be seen with the oil resources. Therefore proper balance of globalization and environment is required. Due to lack of knowledge of environmental issues and its impact on climate due to various reasons like increase in greenhouse gas emissions, clearing of the forest lands, loss of agricultural lands etc are affecting the climate globally in one way or other. Eventually globalization and its effects on climate have gained priority and consideration is given to spread the awareness and the knowledge considering the environmental issues also. Government and non-government institutions and bodies are participating actively to regulate the factors affecting it. In my opinion concern about the climate is for real and steps has to be taken to apply these regulations to keep a check for a healthy living within the reasonable limits and causing minimum damage to the environment. ANNOTATION 1 Journal of World-System Research: Globalization and the Environment This paper mentions about the impact of globalization to the environment, also it explains the factors affecting the climate change. It can be understood that major constituent of the greenhouse gas is carbon dioxide and it is believed that carbon dioxide is altering the global climate. Therefore this article explains the applied world-system theory to environmental damage. Hence it is an interesting fact that carbon dioxide intensity released in the environment is the measurement of the economic output. As stated above there is a strong correlation between the total economic outputs of any nation to their carbon dioxide emission. As it has been understood that the developed countries pollute more as compared to developing countries and under developed countries whose contribution to polluting the environment and adding the amount of carbon dioxide to the environment is insignificant. This also concludes that the economic growth and energy consumptions are also directly related. The more energy you consumed the more resources it requires to generate the energy to meet the ever increasing needs and hence adding more pollution to the environment in the form of various dangerous, poisonous gases, and other pollutants getting released directly into the environment. So developed countries and developing countries are contributing majorly to this shift in climate. These deviations from general trend shows that the generation of these greenhouse gases is not solely from technologies but the human intentions also plays an important part. Moreover companies are much more interested in producing wealth at the cost of the environment. Harming the environment means causing climate change and also compromising with the safer and better habitat that environment is providing us. The globalization acts as a fuel to speed up this process of exploiting the environment. Though government is becoming concerned and enforcing laws to take control of this over exploitation of the resources and release of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, as now the direct impacts of this negligence can be seen even though these impacts took decades to appear but now it is appearing at the rapid rate and causing everyone to draw their attention. It took 30,000 40,000 years to raise the temperature of the atmosphere to few degrees but now because of the globalization and industrialization temperature has risen to couple of degrees in last few decades. Exploitation of the natural resources has led to the depletion in the natural resources. Climate has changed now natural disaster occurs more often which used to occur rarely including cyclones, hurricanes, and earthquakes. The paper also concludes that globalization is an inevitable function therefore it has to be accepted that is will have both the faces that both good and bad. So now it is not only governments responsibility to keep a check on the issues that are going on along with the globalization which in turn affecting the environment but also it is the responsibility of each and every individual to check upon their own actions which further adds to the polluting the atmosphere and the environment and hence choosing the path of worsening the climate conditions as well as causing harm to their own life in a long run. Though it is also necessary for the government to keep an eye on the companies and corporations who are trying to either break the law or trying to bend it for their own benefits without giving any considerations to the fact that how adverse effects it might bring to the environment and on the society. ANNOTATION 2 http://www.sciencedirect.com.elibrary.jcu.edu.au/science?_ob=MImg_imagekey=B6VFV-41FTT36-6-1_cdi=6020_user=972264_pii=S0959378000000212_orig=search_coverDate=10%2F31%2F2000_sk=999899996view=cwchp=dGLzVtb-zSkWAmd5=e2a1f97bd172143d82d68596e1d93194ie=/sdarticle.pdf Double exposure: assessing the impacts of climate change within the context of economic globalization. The paper discuss about the two global processes, climate change and globalization. It explains that the major cause of climate change is because of the greenhouse gas emissions and the rapid change in climate is the result of the on-going process of economic globalization. According to it TNCs are major contributors of greenhouse gas emissions globally. It segregated the results into winners and losers and stated that winners will be those countries, regions or social groups, which will be benefited by the change in climate and or globalization and losers will be those who will be adversely affected by it. However a win refers to the improvement in the economics performance, measured by gross domestic product (GDP) and foreign direct investment (FDI). While discussing about the wins and loss, a message could be clearly understood this indicates that the process of GHG will continue and will keep on worsening the condition until some serious measures are adopted to control such activities which are unleashed. The change in climate reveals the fact that sooner or later everyone is going to be affected. There will be areas which will be face the cooler temperature under the global warming but there will be other areas which receive the extreme rise in temperature. It explains that climate change, environment and greenhouse gases are interconnected. The topic discussed in this article was quite interesting and supportive to make me realize that how globalization is co-related to global inequality and how the climate change makes the situation worse. The paper explains that how people from developed countries contribute more towards the greenhouse emission as compared to underdeveloped countries. It explains that the major pollutant in the greenhouse gases is the carbon-di-oxide, which gets trapped in the environment and in turn absorbs the heat from the sunlight and prevents it from escaping the environment, though previously it used to occur naturally and comparatively it was low. But now it happens because of the industrialization and also because of other globalization factors and is comparatively way too high as anticipated. As the climate change is taken into account both the biophysical and social vulnerabilities are considered. Though this globalization is not equally distributed but affect it is casting will have impact on everyone. Globalization has its positive effects but along comes it negativities. Both globalization and climate changes can be co-related as both of it are happening simultaneously. Since natural ecosystem is considered susceptible to climate change may also be affected by the globalization. Since it is not possible to stop or pause the ongoing development and since global economy and climate change are inter related therefore there is an urgent need for implication of development strategies along with the policies to make the development sustainable also by abiding the regulations, which might bring the win-win situation for everyone. ANNOTATION 3 http://www.informaworld.com.elibrary.jcu.edu.au/smpp/section?content=a779550199fulltext=713240928 Fueling Injustice: Globalization, Ecologically Unequal Exchange and Climate change This annotation provides the fact that the globalization is causing unequal contribution of GHGs emission from various part of the planets but all of them are suffering from equal dramatic change of climate even though they have very less or no contribution at all. It is also been observed from the previous annotations that the main cause of the environmental pollution and that of the climate change is from the emissions of the greenhouse gases which is mainly constituted from the developed and developing countries. But the question arises that who is really most responsible for the occurrence of this problem and who is really going to address these problems and whether people responsible for the occurrence for this climate change issue are really suffering or is it the people who have no contribution to it are dealing with problems caused by the others. The paper also reveals a new and relatively under-utilized theory of ecologically unequal exchange and therefore applies it to the case of globalization and climate change. It explains the four unique principles that have been projected to consign accountability for carbon emissions. It also suggests combining hybrid proposals with environmental aid packages that help poorer nations shift from carbon-intensive pathways of development to more climate-friendly development paths. In the context of deadlock over a completely inadequate Kyoto Protocol, it also argue that fairness principles, climate science, and an understanding of globalization and development must be integrated. It also explains that climate change crisis caused by the globalization fundamentally depends upon the mutual acceptability and understanding that what deed is right and what is wrong, what actions are causing damage to the environment, which is completely irreversible and which way they are closing the doors for the next generation to use the similar resources. But it seems incorrect to stop countries from developing when they think that they are entitled to go for the cheap economic growth using the fossil fuel and other natural resources when the other developed and wealthy nations have done the same. Stopping them from opting such path would result in the argument of injustice when the other developed countries have done the same at their own early stage of development. Therefore the paper explains that how complicated the matter of globalization and its effect on climate has become. Someone has to take the initiative but the question arises who? No nation would like to compromise their development and no other nation has the right to stop any other nation from progressing. Therefore it then falls into the hands of the government to make some policies ruling the causes for excessive emissions of GHGs and other factors affecting the environment. As it does not seems reasonable to put the natural resources and nature at stake for the sake of development. So it becomes important to make corporations understand about their social responsibilities and as how they could minimize the factors affecting the environment. The paper suggests the implication of the hybrid proposals which sounds to be most promising and in favour of everyone. It also suggest that constructive partnership between the developing countries over the various issues can create a better understanding and sense of responsibility for their actions for development. Moreover it will make the situation better for both the nations as well as for the natural environment. ANNOTATION 4 http://www.sciencedirect.com.elibrary.jcu.edu.au/science?_ob=MImg_imagekey=B6VRT-4WVV545-N-1_cdi=6243_user=972264_pii=S0960982209011816_orig=search_coverDate=07%2F28%2F2009_sk=999809985view=cwchp=dGLbVtb-zSkzVmd5=f330bd27eea9362c18d718a3ae01bec7ie=/sdarticle.pdf Impacts of Climate Change on Marine Organisms and Ecosystems As discussed in the above annotation the effect of globalization on the environment is having adverse effect on the atmosphere and hence causing climate change. The earths climate has begins to shift into a hotter and less predictable period. This is also causing the rising level of water in the oceans but it is more important to notice the fact that globalization is not only polluting the atmospheric air but also the other resources. Human activities are pouring tones of carbon to the atmosphere. It is the direct consequences of the cumulative post-industrial emissions. This paper also reveals the fact that due to globalization we have now pollutants getting released to the ocean water which in turn resulting in the acidifying ocean. It is know that atmospheric cycle causes the rainfall which is the result of evaporated ocean water but with the acidified water now acid rain is taking place moreover depleting nutrient loads and altered ocean circulation. Scarcity of fresh water is increasing and which can be readily be seen globally. These constituents are adversely affecting the entire ecosystem. Although these effects cant be seen directly but results have started appearing. Lands are turning into barren lands, ground water levels are dropping, increased pollution level decreasing the productivity, extensive use of fertilizers and chemicals to increase the production level raising the alarm for food securities. The figure 1 explains the rise in temperature of the marine surface and it can be clearly noticed from the figure that last couple of decad es there is a abrupt change in the surface temperature due to the intense globalization activities. Figure1. Annual and smoothed combined global land and marine surface temperature anomaly (http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/cru/info/warming/) Figure2. Ocean surface pH calculated from CO2[atm]. The figure 2 above shows that how the acidic level of the ocean water is rising from 1960 to year 2000 there is a steep decline in the pH level. The paper explains that there is a direct relationship between carbon dioxide and ocean pH, as the carbon dioxide level increases, pH drops increasing the acidic nature of water. It also explains that over past 200 years, the ocean have absorbed almost half of the anthropogenically-generated CO2, but the current rate is nearly 1 million tones of CO2 per hours which is makes it 100 times as rapid as at any time over the past hundreds of millennium. Considering the present situation it could be understood that how globalization is not only affecting the atmosphere but also responsible for the pollution of the ocean and other water resources and thus affecting the marine organism and ecosystem. This is again directly related to the environmental hazards and affects the climate in one way or other. Hence explains that immediate reduction in the CO2 emission is essential for minimizing the future human provoked climate change. And this would further require the policy makers to draw their attention towards the factors mentioned and to come up with a response plan for the safety of the environment. ANNOTATION 5 http://www.oikoumene.org/resources/documents/wcc-programmes/justice-diakonia-and-responsibility-for-creation/climate-change-water/globalization-and-climate-change.html Globalization and Climate Change The paper provides many environmental impacts of economic globalization: TNCs moving their operations to the other developing countries so as to cut the cost as well as to avoid the implications of the stricter environmental regulations of their own country where they were having their operations. The issue of climate change with the globalization is one that is predominantly interesting because it comprises various ecological, social, economic, political and ethical aspects. Now considering the fact that climate change is an issue recognized globally. The atmospheric composition surrounding the planet is varying, which is the result of the emissions of tones of polluting gases (greenhouse gases) GHGs which is again the output from the industries, agriculture, transportations and also the consumer practices. With the increase in the volume and the intensity of the gases, the climate is changing resulting in the gradual increase in the temperature and hence warming up of the planet. The planet as a whole will be affected by the climatic changes and consequences, which are predicted example severe droughts and frequent floods, rising sea-levels, extreme and harsh temperatures, depletion of the ozone layers, radiation effects etc. Issues have been raised after the awareness of the consequences not only locally but also globally as every individual is responsible for their part of contribution in polluting the environment. The countries around the world are willing to cooperate in the negotiation of treaties, so that this global problem could be addressed. Intensive discussions over an 18-month period before the 1992 Rio Earth Summit led to the adoption of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. Negotiations continued subsequently for the further development of agreement so that there could be more specific reduction in the GHG emission could be targeted for industrialised developed and developing countries. Since it has been understood that change in climate change is a global problem and people are also responsible for it. Also the industrialized nations, represents less than 20% of the worlds population, but they do account for nearly 90% of annual greenhouse gas emissions over the last century, and mostly through the burning of fossil fuels. So when the UN Climate Change Convention at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992 was signed, the industrialized countries dedicated themselves not only reduce their emission levels but also to reach the efficiency levels though which they could generate more output with the same about of resources and emitting considerably less amount of GHGs. Due to globalization and increase in demand in import and export the emission levels from industrialized countries are rising rapidly as they pursue economic development to meet the fundamental needs of their community. This globalization points to one of the vital ethical scope of the climate change issue in the perspective of the global community. It is of great importance that now we must make a division among the emission for luxury that is for the fulfillment of the leisure activities and emission for the survival that is for the fulfillment of the basic day to day necessities. As there is a great difference between the lifestyles of the people in industrialized countries from the people living in the third world countries. Thus people living in the industrialized countries are responsible for disturbing the atmospheric balance and intimidating the world with main climatic disturbances. Therefore I believe that most of the solutions to these globalization problems lie at the lev el of local, regional, national and international decision-making. In developed and developing industrialized countries, there is a wide scope for the improvements as steps could be taken to increase awareness for the conservation and energy efficiency hence significantly reducing the amount of GHGs which is resulted from the use of the fossil fuels. Advanced technologies do exists and because of the globalization these technologies could be exported to the other developing countries, which do not posses such technologies for the efficient use of electricity with increased efficiency, automobiles and for other technological developments. Also renewable energy sources are gaining popularity which does not affect the damage the environment and hence does not contribute to climate change; instead it is one of the outcomes of the globalization which is making it more economically viable. The paper also concludes that this kind of efficiency revolution is not only necessary but also needed as the part of the sustainability and the long-term solution but it will not be sufficient. Within industrialized societies, it is also needed to realize that what would be adequate for a healthy and quality of life. I have realized that there is a growing awareness and that an ever ever-increasing level of material utilization is not adding to an enhanced value of life anymore. Governments, corporations, industries, societies, families and individuals in industrialized countries would have to make mindful choices to move in the right directions to achieve greater efficiency and quality and also acceptance of limits of sufficiency which would surely result in considerable reductions in energy use and hence lower greenhouse gas emission levels ultimately result in preserving the environment and preventing dramatic changes in the climate. ESSAY Climate and the variation in climate have direct effect of the environment which in turn influences the human life and their life style accordingly. The way we live is directly related to the environment we are living in and which is again directly related to the climate which is affecting it. Change in climate greatly change the way we live. For an instance the people living in dense rainfall area live their lives differently from the people living in area where rainfall is very scarce. Hence the way globalization affects the climate is very critical for the people who gets affected in return from the change in living conditions. Hence the picture is very clear that anything that is affecting the climate has a global effect as the climate and environment is not enjoyed by any single individual rather it is shared by everyone whether it is locally, nationally or internationally. It is been tried to elucidate the various proportions of the globalization. Globalization in simple words can be explained as the process through which economies, cultures, societies, environment, technologies, trade and politics become integrated through a global network via transportation, communication and trade. But at all time times environment plays an important part in globalizing the world into one and climate change in one of its key factors. Change in climate can have adverse effect not only in our food chain but also in our way of living life. Hence it is of critical importance to have the knowledge of factors affecting the climate and it is also important to understand that ignoring such factors will have adverse effect sooner or later. Now globalization process has become unavoidable, therefore it has to be continued for the progress and well being of the people, societies, cultures, nations and companies. But just like every other things even globalization has both its positive and negative aspects. Therefore the primary endeavor is to bring out the positivity of the globalizations and to always keep a check on its negative aspect by enforcing rules, regulations and policies wherever possible. Though with the increase in the competition it has become very difficult to regulate effects affecting the environment and climate. But everyone has to understand their social responsibilities. Everyone has to understand that exploiting the environment is not going to improve their life rather because of their actions everyone has to suffer. Hence it is very important to set an example for others by not only improving the life for everyone and taking the due responsibilities of environment and the factors affecting the chang e in climate. Globalization is also one of the major factors in the increase of the GHG (greenhouse gases) emissions. GHG emissions have risen dramatically with the industrial revolution also with the increase in the competition. It has also been noticed that developing contributes majorly to GHG emissions and also in polluting water and land. All these development is basically dependant on the natural resources available and by exploiting these resources will result in the depletion in the natural resource stocks which will in turn bring down the living standard and will increase the cost of living. Therefore care has to be taken to use these resources carefully and also taking care that no damage or least possible damage is been done to the environment which balances that nature and climate. The major concern which is affecting the environment and causing the change in climate is the increase in the considerable amount in the pollution from various different sources. Globalization has caused increased competition therefore industries are producing more and more number of products and releasing huge amount of poisonous gases. Then the transportation is next in the queue which adding more and more amount of CO2 in the environment. CO2 is one of the major components of the greenhouse gases which helps in trapping the heat from sunlight and prevents it from escaping the earths atmosphere thus raising the temperature. But before globalization emission of CO2 remained the major concern for environmentalists either as a global warming or as a global cooling. Therefore it requires new technologies which would help in minimizing the carbon emission by increasing the output of the process and making it less pollutant. The environmental damage causing climate change is the result of the constant exploitation resources, which caused irreversible changes to the environment and also due to constantly neglecting the consequences that will be brought by the environment. Climate change does not only means rising temperature but also resulting in other affects such as melting ice, change in a particular ocean current and or weather system, oxygen depletion and also accounts for the acid rain, which directly or indirectly enlightens its effect globally. Climate change is not only affects lives by causing flood, drought and severe fluctuations in the temperatures but also it has some adverse effects which affects the food supply and also cause health related issues. As climate change greatly affect the agriculture and food production associated with it across the world. Decrease in rainfall and increase in weeds, pests and pathogens results in low yielding crops is enough to create global crises in the food production. Also exposure to climate change through changing weather conditions causes changes in ecosystems, agriculture and industries, thus affecting the health of the human beings. Change in climate causes new infectious diseases, increased in the heatwave related deaths, and causing many other problems. To conclude, globalization is a mix of both good and bad effects. Even though there are negative effects attached to the globalization but at the same time its positive side and benefits from it cannot be ignored. And it should also be considered that through globalization the awareness for environmental issues, climate change and exploitation of natural resources were brought in consideration. Globalization has helped human being to receive quality education and progress. It also helped the nations to come together over the serious issues and help each other by forwarding global policies and protocols that will in turn preserve the environment and will help to revive it, which has been continuously exploited by us for decades. Globalization also helps in the invention of new technologies which will help to use our limited resources in a very efficient way. It is not possible to stop the development we are going through but it would be wise to preserve the environment and the resources and also to maximize the positivity of the globalization and regulating the negativity so that it has the lease possible impact.
Sunday, July 21, 2019
Salvador Dali and the Surrealist movement
Salvador Dali and the Surrealist movement Salvador Dali is perhaps one of the most recognized artists of the Surrealist movement. His art is mass produced in prints, and it is not a rare occasion to see them in homes of adults and on the walls of college students. His most famous work, The Persistence of Memory (1934), is taught in art classes to children as young as 7. Most of these people feel a connection with Dalis work and feel compelled to display these posters. It is safe to say, however, that few of these fans know anything about Surrealism, and the inspiration behind his most beloved works. The Surrealist movement evolved from the Dada movement of the 1920s. Its leader, Tristan Tzara, aimed to eliminate art because society created war and therefore does not deserve art. He instead aimed to shock the public through works of anti-art, which did not shock the public as intended, but was accepted by the art society. Dada embraced nihilism, a philosophy centered around nothing, meaning nothing, or anything. Dada rejected reason and logic while hating life. In William Bohns article From Surrealism to Surrealism: Apollinaire and Breton he states that Dada Was actually a protest movement, protesting bourgeoisie values in art and life(Surrealism, 198). Instead, Dada actually bridged art in life by displaying objects that allowed the viewer to realize that life is in fact art. In order to bridge life and art, Dada artists applied humor to art which provided a playfulness not reached by realism. Dadas aim was to juggle away, to parody, and to ridicule all accepted ideas, all forms of social activity (Surrealism, 199). Dada seems to have been a contradictory movement, one that produced wildly creative pieces, while discrediting creativity in theory. The constant contradictions of the movement could be why followers so readily embraced Surrealism, a movement which seemed to make more sense, but provided a smooth transition for even the most devoted Dadaists, such as Tristan Tzara, the movements leader. Surrealism, as defined by Anton Breton is Pure psychic automatism by which we propose to express either verbally or in writing or in some other manner- the true functioning of thought, in the absence of all control, excerased by reason, outside all aesthetic and moral preoccupations(The Surrealist Manifesto, Surrealism, 205). His definition of Surrealism as a philosophy is as follows, Surrealism is based on the belief in the superior reality of certain forms of previously neglected associations, in the omnipotence of dream, in the disinterested play of thought. It tends to ruin once and for all other psychic mechanisms and to substitute itself for them in solving all the principal problems of life (The Surrealist Manifesto, Surrealism, 205). Anton Breton was the founding father of Surrealism. He introduced samples of his writings which were called automatic writing. This automatic writing is also known as free association writing in which the author begins to write whatever comes to mind in hopes of unlocking the unconscious mind. The point of unlocking the unconscious was to reveal truth in the art form. This form of Automatism was a underlying application in surrealistic art, be it visual or literary. Surrealism, therefore, was not restricted to visual art, but was also a popular movement among authors of the period. Surrealists were greatly influenced by the works of Freud, whose radical theories in psychoanalysis and the importance of the subconscious in regards to not only mental health, but to truth and life, would inspire artists and authors to unlock their own subconscious. Surrealists incorporated Freuds theory into their art work through the belief that dreams are as important, if not more so than reality. Therefore characteristics of Surrealist art include dream like images. Surrealism aimed to draw the eye to one object and then to distract it with another object. Surrealism called for a deliberate disorientation of the mind (Frey, 15). In doing so, the artists was able to create a dreamlike experience for the viewer. To the Surrealist, beauty was not the goal because beauty, while aesthetically pleasing, does not necessarily represent truth. As the movement gained momentum several visual artists and authors began to identify themselves as Surrealists. They embraced the the philosophy of Surrealism and applied to their respective art. Some of the most well known artists that joined the movement include: Paul and Gala Eluard, Pierre Naville, Max Ernst, Man Ray, Marcel Duchamp, and Yves Tanguy. Picasso is sometimes considered a follower of the movement, but overall his involvement was minimal. Perhaps the most recognizable name aligned with the Surrealist movement is Salvador Dali. Salvador Dali was born in 1904 in Figueres, which borders Catalonia, Spain. By the age of 12 he showed much promise as an artist. He attended drawing school at this age and fell in love with art. In 1922 he attended the Academy of Fine Arts, Madrid. As a youth at the academy he proclaimed himself an anarchist and was privy to rebellious activities. The many shenanigans he pulled were evidence to his desire for attention and his quest for fame. Such rebellion eventually got him kicked out of the academy. In response to his expulsion he continued his artwork, dabbling in Cubism and Purism. He eventually met Pablo Picasso, whose work he highly respected. Finally, he met Anton Breton, the leader of the Surrealist movement. He felt a draw to the philosophy of this movement and quickly joined forces with the other members of the movement. Dali used a method in his artwork called paranoiac critical method. He developed this method in 1929, the same year that he officially proclaimed himself a Surrealist. The paranoiac critical method was a self hypnosis which would allow him to hallucinate freely. Under this hypnotism he would create art that involved double images. These double images acted as an optical illusion. The viewer immediately would see one object, but given further review would notice a hidden image inside of the main object. Often, the hidden image would be erotic or create a feeling of discomfort for the audience. These images were also dreamlike, not only created in the subconscious of the painter, but unlocking the subconscious of the audience. About these double images Dali said, Such a representation of an object that is also, without the slightest physical or anatomical change, the representation of another entirely different object, the second representation being equally devoid of any deformation o r abnormally betraying the arrangement (Stinking Ass). Upon joining this Surrealists he met Gala Eluard who was ten years his senior. She is heralded as the muse of the Surrealist movement as she not only inspired Dali, but many other artists and authors of the movement. At the time of their meeting she was married to surrealist poet and friend of Dalis Paul Eluard. He immediately fell in love with her, and her love was reciprocated. Her husband Paul, Eluard, surprisingly did not object, he was intrigued by the intricacies of relationships, and therefore not too hurt by her choice to be with Dali. They moved in together and she became his muse, they married in 1934. She seized power over his career and aided in marketing not only his artwork but his persona. Without her, he may not have gained the notoriety that he had so craved since a young age. In 1931 Salvador Dali painted perhaps his most famous and recognizable piece, Persistence of Memory (1931). Regardless of his success, by the end of the 1930s the Surrealists were no longer champions of Dali or his artwork. He refused to take sides during the Spanish Civil War, which cost him life long friends. Anton Breton, who had once revered Dalis work, assigned him the derogatory nickname Avida Dollars which means eager for money. His greed, and hesitance in aligning with the Marxist revolution severed many ties between him and his colleagues. At the beginning of World War II Gala, and Salvador Dali moved to California, upon reflection of his Surrealist days he said this, Surrealism will at least have served to give experimental proof that total sterility and attempts at automatizations have gone too far and have led to a totalitarian system. Todays laziness and the total lack of technique have reached their paroxysm in the psychological signification of the current use of the college. Dali was nothing if not a master artist, and he displayed discontent for the current state of art. After 1949 he and his wife moved back to Catalonia where they would live the rest of their lives. Gala passed in 1982, with Salvador following in 1989. As previously stated, Dalis most recognizable and celebrate work is the Persistence of Memory painted in 1931. The canvas of this painting is quite small, measuring 24.1 cm X 33 cm, and it is currently housed in the Museum of Modern Art in New York, where it has hung since 1936. It has three soft watches that are placed on the landscape of Port Lligat. Port Lligat is a small village on the Mediterranean coast of Spain, in which Dali spent much of his life. He also included in this landscape and in many of his other works. The enormous cliffs in the background are evidence that it is in fact the cliffs of Port Lligat. The former curator of MOMA, James Thrall Soby, says of the painting the space is manipulated to suggest and infinity against which the drama of his objects and figures is projected (Clocking, 3). The telltale cliffs of Port Lligat constitute only a small portion of the painting. The majority of the space is dominated by the giant melting clocks. One clock is closed, and the other three are draped over a creature in the center, steps, and an olive tree. The eyes are first drawn to these clocks, and according to an analysis on salvadordalimuseum.org, the clocks clearly represent time, but create a dreamlike effect by bending the rules of reality, which is characteristic of Surrealism. Simon Wilson says of this painting, The theme of this truly bizarre and mysterious painting is mans obsession with the nature of time ( Clocking, 4). Dali, himself, remarked that Soft watches are nothing else than the tender, extravagant and solitary paranoiac-critical Camembert of space and time (Clocking, 12). The reference of Camembert may seem offhandedly strange, however this is a reference to the cheese that actually inspired the soft watches on the evening that he painted this picture. Although the main draw to the painting is the melting watches, there are other important symbols in the painting. The ants on the closed watches, the olive tree, the steps and the amorphous creature each have a special memory which contribute to the aesthetics of this painting. Upon further examination the creature in the center of the painting has eyelashes and a closed eye. The creature appears to be sleeping. This creature is actually a self portrait of Salvador Dali. It is a form that he has used in other paintings to represent himself. Upon further review, the viewer can make out the profile with a nose, and mouth. The next symbol in the painting is the olive tree in the upper left comer. The olive tree was a significant symbol for Dali. Olive trees symbolize peace, and olives were a major export of Catalonia. Later in life he even refereed to his wife Gala as his little olive. In this particular painting Dali has presented a dead olive tree. This dead tree may symbolize the inevitable death that time will bring. Death and decay is a common theme in this painting as Dali uses ants and flies to indicate decay. The Ants are on the closed watch in the bottom left of the painting. The final symbols to discuss in this painting are the steps. There is one step, prominent in the foreground on the left side. In the distance, along the horizon there is another step, on the edge of the water. These steps could possibly represent the Freudian explanation of steps and the act of going up and down them. Freud explains that steps in dreams represent sexual acts. It is unclear whether or not this what Dali intended to present, symbolically speaking, the use of steps is unclear. Twenty years after painting Persistence of Memory, Dali presented a new painting called Disintegration of the Persistence of Memory (1952). During the period between these two paintings Dalis life had greatly changed. He and Gala moved to the United States to flee the Spanish Civil War. While in California he worked with Disney and Alfred Hitchcock as a consultant for various films. His artwork was transformed after World War II. The scientific strides that had been made regarding the discovery of DNA and the advent of the atomic bomb influenced Dalis style. In 1948 Dali and Gala sought to move back to Spain. The new government was staunchly Roman Catholic and Dali had to prove that he had changed his ways and was now a pious Catholic. Ultimately he would call himself a nuclear mystisist. Nuclear mysticisms mixture of physics, math, science, religion, art history, and Spanish culture was to stress technique, rebirth, faith and tradition (Clocking, 17). Dali saw God in mathematical ratios and in atomic science. Dalà wrote: In the surrealist period I wanted to create the iconography of the interior world-the world of the marvelous, of my father Freud. I succeeded in doing it. Today the exterior world-that of physics-has transcended the one of psychology. My father today is Dr. Heisenberg. (Clocking, 17). The Disintegration of Persistence of Memory is the same size as the original Persistence of Memory. Upon examining the painting the viewer will notice that the clocks are no longer the first thing the eye is drawn to. They are overshadowed by the mathemematical dissasembly of the steps, tree and painting overall. As the watches are less relevant, the them of time also become irrelevant to this particular painting. All things, the painting seems to be saying-even the persistence of memory-are overcome by, or incorporated into, one atomic reality (Clocking, 18). This painting, once resembled a still life, now seems to have a sense of movement to it. The swimming fish and even the disintegration of the steps and tree have movement that make the painting feel alive. The Disintegration of Persistence of Memory is housed at the Salvador Dali museum in St. Petersburg, Florida. In 2000 the two paintings were united in an exhibited where they were shown side by side, so that the viewer could see the difference in style and meaning behind each painting. The Dali museum in St. Petersburg, Florida was established March 7 of 1982 and is made up of works from the private collection of the Mr. and Mrs. Morse, who began collecting Dalis work in 1940. One of the most celebrated artists of the 1900s, Salvador Dali and his artwork remain ingrained in the minds of anyone who has so much as glanced at one of his pieces. He provided the art world with a zany character who was himself, a walking art form. Although his style evolved throughout his life, his most memorable period was that of his Surrealist paintings. His mastery allowed him to remain at the forefront of the artistic community, and evolve along with the tastes of his fans.
Saturday, July 20, 2019
Bowling For Columbine :: Michael Moore Film Review
1. I think media has a great impact on how people behave. The media is defined as listening to music, watching TV, movies, reading magazines, and searching the internet. I think when people here about certain things in songs, or see things in movies or on television it has an effect on them. If there is violence in a TV show or on the news kids can think that's cool to do and do it. A lot of movies show fighting and violence and it effects people and they may do what they see. Television in the home is the greatest source of visual violence for children. Video games expose young children to a level of violence unimaginable. The news also creates fear . 2. I agree with Michael Moore's message in the documentary. I think there is way to much violence in our society, I also think there should be a restriction on guns. Children in our society today, see violence in their schools, on TV , their neighborhoods, and their homes. The daily new is rife with reports of child molestations and abductions. War in foreign lands along with daily reports of murder, rape and robberies also heighten a child's perception of potential violence. 3. I don't think the documentary was biased at all . I think Michael Moore showed both to sides every story he told about . He focused on both sides of the story rather than just one. 4. The NRA Civil Rights Defense fund was established by the NRA board of directors in 1978 to become involved in court cases establishing legal precedents in favor of gun owners. To accomplish this the fund provides legal and financial assistance to selected individuals and organizations defending their right to keep and bear arms. 5. I do not think it was appropriate fir the NRA to arrive in Denver for a convention after the Columbine massacre occurred. I think people were still in mourning and alls they wanted was to be left alone. The people in Denver probably wanted nothing but to ban guns, and here comes the N R A thinking everyone should have the right to have a gun in order to protect themselves. I think the N R A should have waited a great deal of time before going to Denver for a convention. 6. States with the largest increases in gun ownership also have the largest drops in violent crimes.
Friday, July 19, 2019
Understanding Of Scottish Society :: essays research papers fc
Abstract The concept of a nation state has only emerged over the last couple of centuries, before this point less advanced and coherent states managed the affairs of the populous. The nation state is the overlapping of two separate features. The nation is the identity that individuals relate to within the society. This can exist on its own, as all that is needed is a person to feel that they have a connection with others on no more than shared belonging. The state is used to take national feelings of loyalty and use them to effectively govern peoples lives. The state almost like a governmental overlay for a national identity to operate within. Scotland can be seen in this light because it is a fine example of what nationhood looks like, without the apparatus of the state to cloud the picture. Scotland has this dual identity of Scottish nation within the confines of a British state. In answering this question it is necessary to investigate the origins of modern nation states. Firstly examining what the term 'Nation State' means by breaking it down into its two parts. Lastly I will examine how accurate a term the 'Nation State' is when applied to Scottish Society. The 'Nation State' is a recent phenomena, with most of human history being founded on stateless societies. These stateless societies refer to the tribal and clan systems that existed across the globe, before the emergence of larger societies such as Empires and Kingdoms. These societies were able to function as they were relatively small. The whole or at least a large part of the community could be involved in any decision that need to be made, although because of their size complex decision making processes were needed. With the increase of population and the subsequent competition for limited resources, systems started to emerge that could handle the new demands. Economies started to produce more than what was required by the community, so the surplus was trade with neighbouring communities. This process also created the need for higher authority to govern the transactions between the communities. These embryonic communities developed into what can be described as traditional states, with a sovereign leader such as a King or Emperor who ruled absolutely. They could do this because they held the reins of the states military forces. In Max Weber's view this was the critical component of any state. For a state to be legitimate it must have a monopoly of the use of violence within the confines of its own territory. However usually this was only a last resort and the ordinary people were quite unaware of the state developing around them. A limited form of government would emerge to ensure that the Head of the State could rule effectively.
Bachs Art of the Fugue :: Art of the Fugue Essays
The silence hangs heavily in the air, creating a single moment where one can feel the weight of the absence of sound. But a lone D cuts through the stillness, a flicker of light amidst black oblivion. It is followed by eleven other notes, a simple melody, but one that will be the very core of one of the greatest musical masterpieces to ever be conceived. This twelve-note melody becomes entwined and enveloped in an intricate accretion of variations, counterpoints, and modified themes, all based on the original twelve-note motif. The entire collection of variations comprises what is considered to be Bach’s most ambitious undertaking, the Art of the Fugue, meant to serve as an intensive study of the fugue as an entity. Already a complex and multifaceted piece, Art of the Fugue gains a whole new level of depth and significance when placed inside its historical context, amidst the story of its creation and the demise of its creator. During the two hundred and fift y years of its existence, Art of the Fugue has acquired quite the reputation, as it has become enshrouded in a web of mystery and mystique. However, when we strip away these layers, the piece retains its magnitude, as the sheer mastery of the piece is enough to merit substantial renown and reverence. In the early 1740’s, Bach began work on what many consider to be his most monumental project ever, Art of the Fugue. Bach intended this piece to be an extensive study of â€Å"the art of fugal counterpoint,†exploring the possibilities and various outcomes that can be produced by manipulating a single theme (â€Å"The Art of the Fugue†). Bach was not commissioned to compose this piece, nor was the idea inspired or suggested to him by anyone else; in creating Art of the Fugue, Bach was â€Å"alone in his genius†(Herz, 4-5). The result of Bach’s endeavors was a collection of eighteen fugues, all in the same key, and all based on the same principle theme. This principle theme was modified and transformed into an astonishing number of over twenty different major variations and one hundred minor variations (â€Å"The Art of the Fugue†).
Thursday, July 18, 2019
Environmental Legislation And Policy Of The Eu Engineering Essay
In the 19th century, steam engine, gasoline engine and technological machinery in industry were the chief subscribers for a noisy environment. With the development of Diesel engine, jet engines, addition in usage of faster industrial production machinery including building site machinery and increased volume of route traffic, all aggravated and intensified noise pollution in the 20th century.[ 1 ] Action to cut down environmental noise was non given any precedence when compared to other environmental jobs such as air and H2O pollution. It was argued in the Commission Green Paper that this deficiency of involvement in noise pollution was due to the fact that ‘noise is really much a local job with really varied perceptual experiences in different parts of the community as to the acceptableness of the job ‘ .[ 2 ] However although there was this deficiency of legal involvement in noise pollution, people non merely regarded noise as a constituent that deteriorates the environment but recognised besides that it is ‘unjustifiable intervention and infliction upon human comfort, wellness and the quality of modern life ‘[ 3 ]. Therefore the authoritiess, back in 1969 started modulating noise in assorted legislative acts. The European Commission in the ‘Future Noise Policy ‘ ( Green Paper ) pointed out that All member provinces have similar categorizations of the beginnings of environmental noise related to the different human activities: route traffic, rail traffic, air traffic, industry, civil technology and edifice site activities, recreational activities, out-of-door equipment ( such as gardening equipment ) .2EC Legislation on Noise: the development of noise ordinance in the EU before the acceptance of the Directive 2002/49/ECOver the past 30 old ages, the EU ‘s environmental policy aims have been presented in Action Programme. The 2nd European Action Programme ( EAP ) 1978 developed the issue of noise suspension. It contained a whole chapter on steps against noise where it sets out risky effects that noise may hold on the human wellness. This EAP pointed out that member provinces have drawn up a figure of ordinances modulating noise emanations. Therefore in order to work out the job of haltering the common market, the community decided to follow an anti-noise policy.[ 4 ] Januaries hold that Community statute law on noise can loosely be divided into two classs. In the first topographic point there are a big figure of directives harmonizing national ordinances on anything from motor mowers to goods vehicles and ordering maximal allowable noise degrees. [ aˆÂ ¦ ] In the 2nd topographic point there is a certain sum of legislative activity in connexion with noise produced by aircrafts.[ 5 ] On the other manus, Miriam Markus-Johansson et Al in Handbook on the Implementation of EC Environmental Legislation, argued that the bing ‘noise control statute law can be divided into four classs: motor vehicles, airplanes, out-of-door equipment, and family contraptions ‘[ 6 ]. However the writers lack to do mention to statute law on railroad and besides industrial noise. Therefore I would state that there are five classs: route conveyance to include railroad besides motor vehicles and the 5th class would be industrial noise.Road TransportMotor vehicles Under EU statute law, motor vehicles are divided in two classs: motor vehicles with at least four wheels and motor vehicles with two- or three-wheel. Noise from motor vehicles with at least four wheels Bing the chief subscriber to environmental noise particularly in urban countries, the European Union sought to harmonize noise demands for route vehicles back in 1970, through Directive 70/157/EC. Add to this the directive introduced bounds on sound degrees of route vehicles and specific processs for mensurating sound degrees of exhaust systems and silencers.[ 7 ] Noise from two and three wheel motor vehicles Mopeds and bikes are another major route traffic noise subscribers chiefly due to reckless driving behavior and / or meddling of the fumes system. Directing 97/24/EC establishes allowable sound bounds from two and three wheel vehicles and demands for exhaust systems, including replacing parts, and provides steps to counter tampering.10 Directing 2001/43/EC regulates noise bounds generated by motor vehicles and dawdlers Surs where the Surs meet the route. ‘These bounds differentiate between vehicle type ( autos, new waves and trucks ) and tyre breadth ( 5 categories ) and will be enforced by including tyre noise trials in EC type-approval certification demands, which must be met for any Sur to be placed on the EU market ‘ .[ 8 ] Railwaies A figure of enterprises where undertaken by the European Commission to restrict railroad noise. It even set up a ‘Railway ‘ working group in order to lucubrate the proficient and economic facets of the decrease of noise emanations from rail conveyance systems.[ 9 ] Directing 96/48/EC on the interoperability of the trans-European high-speed rail system, which has been detailed further through: Commission Decision 2002/735/EC on proficient specifications for interoperability ( TSI ) associating to high-speed turn overing stock Commission Decision 2002/732/EC on proficient specifications for interoperability ( TSI ) associating to high-velocity railroad substructure Directing 2001/16/EC on the interoperability of the conventional trans-European rail system, supplemented by: Commission Decision 2004/446/EC stipulating the basic parametric quantities of the Noise, Freight Wagons and Telematic applications for freight proficient specifications for interoperability referred to in Directive 2001/16/EC Directing 2004/50/EC of 29 April 2004 amending Council Directive 96/48/EC and Directive 2001/16/EC Commission Decision 2006/66/EC refering the proficient specifications for interoperability relating to the subsystem turn overing stock – noiseAir TransportAircraft noise was foremost regulated by the European Commission in 1979 through Directive 80/51/EEC which was followed by Directive 89/629/EEC. The former trades with restrictions of noise emanations from subsonic aircraft registered in the district of member provinces ( which was later extended by Directive 83/206/EEC to include aircrafts from non-EU member provinces but winging to EU finishs ) , while the latter directive prohibited noisy aircraft from being registered in member provinces. Following these two directives was Directive 92/14/EEC which was based on criterions of the International Civil Aviation Organisation ( ICAO ) , to censor the noisiest aircraft from European airdromes, that is, aircrafts covered by Chapter 2 of Annex 16 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation besides known as the Chicago Conv ention, which aircrafts were non allowed to run in the EU after April 2002. Another directive based on one of ICAO ‘s declarations is Directing 2002/30/EC where it applies the rule of balanced attack to resound direction around airdromes. This attack comprises four chief elements: decrease of aircraft noise at beginning, land-use planning and direction steps, noise suspensions operational processs and runing limitations.[ 10 ]Outdoor EquipmentThe EU Commission drew up at least seven directives covering noise from assorted out-of-door equipment, whereby it regulated allowable noise degrees, noise degree taging affixed on the equipment, and noise measurings criterion of about 57 points ( i.e. 63 types of machinery ) . To simplify affairs the European Parliament and Council adopted Directive 2000/14/EC associating to resound emanation in the environment from equipment for usage out-of-doorss. The chief characteristics of this directive are ‘harmonisation of noise emanation bounds and criterions, harmonization of conformance appraisal processs, harmo nization of noise degree marker and digest of informations on noise emanations ‘ .[ 11 ]Industrial NoiseIndustrial noise is covered by the Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control ( IPPC ) Directive 96/61/EC whereby member provinces ‘ governments must take the issue of noise into consideration when publishing licenses to operators of the big industrial and agricultural installings. This directive is applicable besides to bing installings that are to undergo a significant change.15Family Appliances NoiseAlthough the directing relating with this type of noise is rather recent and has been regulated for after Directive 2002/49 EC came into force, I think it is of import to do a speedy mention to this directive. ‘Directive 2005/32/EC established a model for the scene of eco-design demands for energy-using merchandises, provides criterions and processs regulating the proviso of accurate information on the noise degree of family application ‘ .[ 12 ]The Salient Features of Directive 2002/49/ECThe range of this directive is to modulate environmental noise to which worlds are exposed in built-up countries, in public Parkss or other quiet countries†¦[ 13 ] However, this directive does non use to resound that is caused by the open individuals himself, noise from domestic activities, noise created by neighbors, noise at work topographic points or noise indoors means of conveyance or due to military activities in military countries.[ 14 ] Article 3 ( a ) of the Environmental Noise Directive ( END ) define environmental noise as unwanted[ 15 ]or harmful out-of-door sound created by human activities, including noise emitted by agencies of conveyance, route traffic, rail traffic, air traffic and from sites of industrial activity.[ 16 ] The purpose of this directive is to specify a common attack intended to avoid, prevent or cut down on a prioritised footing the harmful effects[ 17 ], including irritation, due to exposure to environmental noise. Further aims of the said directing include that information on environmental noise and its consequence is made available to the populace, there is to be noise function and besides the acceptance of action programs by the Member States. This leads me to the outstanding characteristic of END.Noise functionDirecting 2002/49/EC set up the construct of strategic noise function whereby appraisal is made in an country which is exposed to resound due to different noise beginnings. This is extremely regulated under Annex IV of the said Directive. By 18 July 2005 member provinces were to do available to the public information sing which is the competent authorization to pull the noise maps. Furthermore, from 30 June 2005 and thenceforth every five old ages, member provinces are to inform the Commission of the major roads which have more than six million vehicle riders a twelvemonth, railroads which have more than 60,000 train rider a twelvemonth, major airdromes and the agglomerations with more than 250,000 dwellers within their district. By 30 June 2007, strategic noise maps demoing the state of affairs of the predating twelvemonth were to be drawn up – the first phase. Then we have the 2nd phase, 30 June 2008, where once more member provinces were to inform the Commission of agglomeration with more than 100,000 dwellers, major roads with three million vehicles, major railroads with 30,000 rider and airdromes remained unchanged. Then by 30 June 2012 another set of strategic noise maps are to be drawn up demoing the sta te of affairs in the old calendar old ages. Noise maps must be reviewed, and revised if necessary, every five old ages.[ 18 ]Action programsAction programs are aimed at pull offing noise issues and effects, including noise decrease if necessary. They must run into the minimal demands set out in Annex V to the Directive. Not subsequently than 18 July 2008, action programs must be drawn up for major roads which have more than six million vehicle transitions a twelvemonth, railroads which have more than 60,000 train transitions per twelvemonth, major airdromes and agglomerations with more than 250,000 dwellers. Add to this, non subsequently than 18 July 2013, another set of action programs must be drawn up for all major agglomerations, major airdromes, major roads and major railroads. The action programs are to be reviewed when a major development occurs impacting the bing noise state of affairs, and at least every five old ages. Through the action program, the competent authorization is to pull off noise issues in mapped countries and besides protect quiet countries against an addition in noise.[ 19 ]Information for the citizenMember provinces are to guarantee that a public audience is organised and the consequences thereof are taken into history before the action programs are approved. Member provinc es are to guarantee that the strategic noise maps and the action programs are made available and disseminated to the populace in conformance with Annex IV and V to Directive 2002/49/EC, thereby affecting the citizens.DecisionWhat is the chief differentiation between the directives prior to Directive 2002/49/EC and Directive 2002/49/EC itself? For more than 30 old ages, European noise policy consisted chiefly of repairing maximal sound degrees through statute law with a position to finish the individual market. As such this has non been conceived as portion of an overall environmental noise abatement plan. As already pointed out, the directives dealt with motor vehicles, aircraft, trains and railroad, industrial machinery and family contraptions. On the other manus, Directing 2002/49/EC does non put maximal degrees of noise but aims to supply a common footing for undertaking noise jobs across the EU, therefore switching from pollution control to pollution bar[ 20 ]i.e. it seeks to harmonize noise indexs and portray the information in the signifier of noise maps and do such information available to the populace. The member states competent governments ( in Malta being the MEPA ) are to pull up strategic noise maps for major roads, railroads and airdromes and agglomerations utilizing consonant noise indexs.[ 21 ]Therefore th is directive ‘does non seek to put common Europe-wide noise bounds ‘ but ‘it will organize the footing for end puting for betterment at the EU degree and for the development of an EU scheme including steps ‘ .[ 22 ] I believe that the End came approximately because during the past 15 old ages or more there was no important betterment in exposure to environment noise particularly route traffic noise. The enlargement of high velocity rail and growing in air conveyance besides played their portion to farther addition environmental noise.[ 23 ]‘The Numberss of people populating in so called ‘grey countries ‘ has increased. It has been estimated that around 20 per centum of the Union ‘s population or shut to 80 million people suffer from noise degrees that scientists and wellness experts consider to be unacceptable. Additionally over the past two decennaries leisure activities and touristry have created new musca volitanss and new beginnings of noise ‘ .[ 24 ] Thankss to statute law and technological advancement important decreases of noise from single beginnings have been achieved. For illustration the noise from single autos has been reduced by 85 % since 1970 and the noise from lorries by 90 % . Likewise for aircraft footmark around an airdrome made by a modern jet has been reduced by a factor of 9 compared to an aircraft with 1970s engineering. Another cardinal differentiation is that of shared duty between the Community and Member States. The green paper back in 1996 held that The local nature of noise jobs does non intend that all action is best taken at local degree, as beginnings of noise are non ever of local beginning.[ 25 ]
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